Patient demographic and background characteristics stratified by albuminuria status
| Parameter | Normoalbuminuria (n=729) | Microalbuminuria (n=203) | Macroalbuminuria (n=67) | P value |
| Age (years) | 64.1±9.5 | 66.2±9.8 | 64.6±10.0 | 0.026 |
| Male gender (%) | 441 (60.5) | 120 (59.1) | 47 (70.1) | 0.256 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3±3.9 | 25.2±3.6 | 25.9±4.0 | <0.001 |
| Estimated duration of diabetes (years) | 12.0±8.2 | 14.6±8.7 | 17.2±9.4 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 130.7±14.7 | 132.5±14.6 | 133.4±17.1 | 0.147 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 75.5±10.8 | 74.8±11.7 | 77.6±11.9 | 0.198 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.0±0.7 | 7.3±0.9 | 7.5±1.1 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 52.6±7.8 | 55.8±10.0 | 58.5±12.3 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.83±0.81 | 4.76±0.74 | 4.72±1.05 | 0.437 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.69±0.68 | 2.64±0.64 | 2.43±0.81 | 0.010 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.59±0.41 | 1.49±0.41 | 1.49±0.37 | 0.004 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3±0.8 | 1.4±0.9 | 2.0±1.8 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 300.6±69.9 | 314.8±79.0 | 358.7±65.0 | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 76±19 | 69±21 | 58±25 | <0.001 |
| Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 123 (16.9) | 63 (31.0) | 36 (53.7) | <0.001 |
| Use of oral glucose-lowering agents (%) | 639 (88) | 188 (93) | 67 (100) | 0.002 |
| Metformin (%) | 387 (53) | 120 (59) | 36 (54) | 0.311 |
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 84 (12) | 32 (16) | 11 (16) | 0.177 |
| Glinides (%) | 44 (6) | 17 (8) | 7 (10) | 0.238 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (%) | 412 (57) | 118 (58) | 47 (70) | 0.096 |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (%) | 149 (20) | 59 (29) | 23 (34) | 0.003 |
| Thiazolidinediones (%) | 99 (14) | 30 (15) | 14 (21) | 0.256 |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors (%) | 125 (17) | 32 (16) | 15 (22) | 0.458 |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (%) | 40 (6) | 22 (11) | 12 (18) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (%) | 92 (13) | 44 (22) | 22 (33) | <0.001 |
| Use of antihypertensive drugs (%) | 298 (41) | 130 (64) | 55 (82) | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitors (%) | 13 (2) | 11 (5) | 4 (6) | 0.006 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers (%) | 245 (34) | 101 (50) | 44 (66) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers (%) | 154 (21) | 86 (42) | 33 (49) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic drugs (%) | 33 (5) | 17 (8) | 7 (10) | 0.025 |
| α-adrenergic receptor antagonists (%) | 9 (1) | 6 (3) | 4 (6) | 0.013 |
| β-adrenergic receptor antagonists (%) | 15 (2) | 12 (6) | 6 (9) | <0.001 |
| Use of lipid-lowering agents (%) | 426 (59) | 121 (60) | 48 (72) | 0.114 |
| Statins (%) | 360 (50) | 106 (52) | 42 (63) | 0.110 |
| Ezetimibe (%) | 75 (10) | 21 (10) | 11 (16) | 0.298 |
| Fibrates (%) | 29 (4) | 9 (4) | 3 (5) | 0.949 |
| Use of antithrombotic agents (%) | 46 (6) | 14 (7) | 4 (6) | 0.948 |
| Antiplatelet agents (%) | 36 (5) | 11 (5) | 3 (5) | 0.935 |
| Anticoagulants (%) | 11 (2) | 3 (2) | 1 (2) | 1.000 |
| FLP-CGM-derived metrics | ||||
| Mean glucose (mmol/L) | 7.59±1.59 | 8.25±1.97 | 8.70±2.62 | <0.001 |
| SD (mmol/L) | 1.97±0.58 | 2.20±0.68 | 2.29±0.77 | <0.001 |
| CV (%) | 26.0±5.72 | 26.8±5.90 | 26.7±6.11 | 0.142 |
| MAGE (mmol/L) | 5.26±1.85 | 5.86±2.08 | 6.34±2.79 | <0.001 |
| TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (%) | 81.1±17.1 | 74.3±19.5 | 68.0±24.7 | <0.001 |
| TAR>10 mmol/L (%) | 16.7±17.5 | 23.8±20.4 | 28.7±26.3 | <0.001 |
| TAR>13.9 mmol/L (%) | 2.87±7.4 | 5.71±11.8 | 8.86±15.7 | <0.001 |
| TBR<3.9 mmol/L (%) | 2.12±4.58 | 1.91±4.06 | 3.35±7.20 | 0.086 |
| TBR<3.0 mmol/L (%) | 0.33±1.64 | 0.20±0.77 | 0.65±1.85 | 0.117 |
| LBGI | 1.58±1.68 | 1.41±1.44 | 1.79±2.07 | 0.226 |
| HBGI | 5.04±3.86 | 6.70±5.48 | 8.08±7.40 | <0.001 |
| MODD (mmol/L) | 1.66±0.59 | 1.88±0.64 | 2.13±0.90 | <0.001 |
| IQR (mmol/L) | 2.05±0.76 | 2.31±0.82 | 2.65±1.11 | <0.001 |
Data are mean±SD or number of patients (%).
Continuous data were compared using analysis of variance. Categorical data were compared using χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.
BMI, body mass index; CV, coefficient of variation; FLP-CGM, FreeStyle Libre Pro continuous glucose monitoring device; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HBGI, high blood glucose index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LBGI, low blood glucose index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; MODD, mean of daily differences; TAR, time above range; TBR, time below range; TIR, time in range.