Associations between FLP-CGM-derived metrics and diabetic retinopathy severity
| Parameter | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Mean glucose (1 mmol/L increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.21 (1.12 to 1.30) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.20 (1.10 to 1.29) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.22 (1.11 to 1.33) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.22) | 0.311 |
| SD (mmol/L) (1 mmol/L increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.57 (1.26 to 1.96) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.36 (1.08 to 1.71) | 0.010 |
| Model 3 | 1.30 (1.00 to 1.69) | 0.049 |
| Model 4 | 0.97 (0.72 to 1.31) | 0.842 |
| CV (%) (1% increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.03) | 0.747 |
| Model 2 | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.01) | 0.365 |
| Model 3 | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.00) | 0.089 |
| Model 4 | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.01) | 0.170 |
| MAGE (1 mmol/L increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.21) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.18) | 0.007 |
| Model 3 | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.19) | 0.015 |
| Model 4 | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.12) | 0.531 |
| TIR3.9–10 mmol/L (10% increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 0.83 (0.77 to 0.89) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 0.85 (0.79 to 0.91) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.93) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.09) | 0.616 |
| TAR>10 mmol/L (1% increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.04) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.03) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.371 |
| TAR>13.9 mmol/L (1% increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.05) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | 0.541 |
| TBR<3.9 mmol/L (1% increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.03) | 0.677 |
| Model 2 | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.02) | 0.397 |
| Model 3 | 0.96 (0.93 to 0.99) | 0.028 |
| Model 4 | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.01) | 0.238 |
| TBR<3.0 mmol/L (1% increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08) | 0.499 |
| Model 2 | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.06) | 0.288 |
| Model 3 | 0.84 (0.72 to 0.97) | 0.020 |
| Model 4 | 0.88 (0.77 to 1.01) | 0.071 |
| LBGI (1-unit increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.04) | 0.268 |
| Model 2 | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.02) | 0.097 |
| Model 3 | 0.84 (0.76 to 0.94) | 0.002 |
| Model 4 | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.01) | 0.069 |
| HBGI (1-unit increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.09) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.10) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.06) | 0.745 |
| MODD (1 mmol/L increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.84 (1.49 to 2.26) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.75 (1.41 to 2.18) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.67 (1.28 to 2.19) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.27 (0.93 to 1.74) | 0.126 |
| IQR (1 mmol/L increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.50 (1.28 to 1.77) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.48 (1.24 to 1.75) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.42 (1.15 to 1.76) | 0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.11 (0.87 to 1.43) | 0.399 |
| HbA1c (1% increase) | ||
| Model 1 | 1.76 (1.48 to 2.08) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.62 (1.35 to 1.94) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.66 (1.35 to 2.04) | <0.001 |
Model 1: crude.
Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and duration of diabetes.
Model 3: adjusted for variables in model 2 plus systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, logarithm of triglycerides, serum uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, logarithm of urinary albumin excretion, smoker, alcohol consumption, use of insulin therapy, use of ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers, use of statins, and use of antiplatelet agents.
Model 4: adjusted for variables in model 3 plus HbA1c.
BMI, body mass index; CV, coefficient of variation; FLP-CGM, FreeStyle Libre Pro continuous glucose monitoring; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HBGI, high blood glucose index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LBGI, low blood glucose index; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; MODD, mean of daily differences; TAR, time above range; TBR, time below range; TIR, time in range.