Fetal anomalies by periconception HbA1c
| Variable | Overall sample (N=351) | ≤7.4% ≤57 mmol/mol (n=236) | 7.5%–9.4% 58–79 mmol/mol (n=68) | 9.5%–11.4% 80–101 mmol/mol (n=31) | ≥11.5% ≥102 mmol/mol (n=16) | P value* |
| Any anomaly | 52 (14.8)† | 24 (10.2) | 14 (20.6) | 8 (25.8) | 6 (37.5) | 0.002 |
| Minor anomaly | 13 (3.8) | 7 (2.6) | 3 (7.6) | 2 (6.7) | 1 (16.7) | 0.38 |
| Cardiovascular | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Musculoskeletal | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| GU | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| ENT | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Multiple | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Dermatologic | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Major anomaly | 43 (12.3) | 19 (8.1) | 12 (17.7) | 7 (22.6) | 5 (31.3) | 0.002 |
| Cardiovascular | 22 | 8 | 8 | 2 | 4 | |
| Musculoskeletal/limb | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| GU/renal | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| CNS | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| GI | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| ENT/face | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Multiple | 8 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | |
| Dermatologic | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
*P values are for χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests.
†Data presented as n (%), except for specific organ subgroups of anomalies, which are presented as n only.
CNS, central nervous system; ENT, ear, nose and throat; GI, gastrointestinal; GU, genitourinary; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.