Maternal and child characteristics of participants
| Participants included (n=123) | Participants excluded (n=972) | P value | |
| Infant variables | |||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0±1.0 | 38.7±1.6 | 0.003 |
| Sex of child (male), n (%) | 68 (55.3) | 504 (51.9) | 0.473 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3149±367 | 3071±476 | 0.035 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| Chinese | 60 (48.8) | 538 (55.3) | 0.001 |
| Malay | 49 (39.8) | 242 (24.9) | |
| Indian | 14 (11.4) | 192 (19.8) | |
| Maternal variables | |||
| Maternal education, n (%) | |||
| Primary/no education | 4 (3.3) | 41 (4.2) | 0.014 |
| Secondary | 45 (36.6) | 251 (25.8) | |
| Diploma/technical education | 50 (40.7) | 336 (34.6) | |
| University and above | 23 (18.7) | 331 (34.0) | |
| Missing data | 1 (0.8) | 15 (1.5) | |
| Maternal age (years) | 29.4±5.5 | 30.6±5.1 | 0.013 |
| Antenatal EPDS score | 8.46±4.27 | 7.36±4.54 | 0.013 |
| Maternal first trimester BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2±3.5 | 23.8±4.9 | <0.001 |
| Maternal 26–28 weeks’ BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0±3.4 | 26.4±4.6 | <0.001 |
| Antenatal fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.34±0.39 | 4.35±0.46 | 0.947 |
| Antenatal 2-hour glucose (mmol/L) | 6.09±1.43 | 6.57±1.45 | 0.001 |
| Diagnosed with GDM, n (%) | 14 (11.4) | 185 (19.0) | 0.033 |
Data presented as mean±SD.
BMI, Body Mass Index; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.