A comparison of the change in plasma protein levels of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related proteins following a milder prolonged iatrogenic-induced hypoglycemic insult (study 1) with an acute severe iatrogenic-induced hypoglycemia (study 2) in subjects with and without T2D
| Proteins (% change) | Control (baseline to hypoglycemia) | Control (baseline to 24 hours) | T2D (baseline to hypoglycemia) | T2D (baseline to 24 hours) | ||||
| Study 1 | Study 2 | Study 1 | Study 2 | Study 1 | Study 2 | Study 1 | Study 2 | |
| APP | −26.1±21.2 | 124.0±42.0 | 11.0±31.0 | −9.4±15.2 | 41.4±36.2 | 83.7±25.7 | 15.2±20.8 | 23.9±43.2 |
| p=0.07 | p=0.53 | p=0.36 | p=0.9 | |||||
| APCS | 1.9±4.5 | −6.5±1.9 | −3.7±5.6 | −4.5±1.6 | 1.8±9.3 | 0.9±2.6 | −3.2±7.5 | 19.3±21.5 |
| p=0.06 | p=0.84 | p=0.9 | p=0.5 | |||||
| SAA1 | 289.0±229.2 | −0.8±3.8 | 246.5±136.0 | 7.2±5.9 | 15.2±18.0 | 7.2±4.2 | 95.3±32.8 | 241.8±118.5 |
| p=0.017 | p=0.003 | p=0.56 | p=0.42 | |||||
| PAPPA | 83.3±45.4 | 10.3±3.3 | 47.6±21.8 | 9.9±2.2 | 21.6±19.5 | 12.0±2.4 | 6.2±15.4 | 23.0±14.6 |
| p=0.004 | p=0.004 | p=0.48 | p=0.49 | |||||
| MAPT | 10.4±19.4 | 17.7±6.1 | 8.0±23.1 | 3.4±2.5 | 33.5±16.5 | 17.4±4.7 | 13.3±8.8 | 14.2±14.0 |
| p=0.63 | p=0.72 | p=0.22 | p=0.97 | |||||
| APOA1 | 12.5±8.6 | 2.3±4.2 | −0.4±5.0 | 0.6±3.1 | 6.0±7.5 | 6.4±5.2 | −10.2±6.7 | 15.3±22.2 |
| p=0.28 | p=0.87 | p=0.97 | p=0.45 | |||||
| NOG | 36.0±45.2 | 39.0±13.6 | 14.5±26.4 | −4.9±4.9 | 61.8±31.8 | 24.0±8.5 | 24.7±26.5 | 2.2±11.7 |
| p=0.93 | p=0.25 | p=0.13 | p=0.37 | |||||
| APOE | 26.0±14.4 | −4.8±6.7 | 26.0±13.1 | 5.1±7.4 | 11.2±17.1 | 4.4±8.0 | 1.2±8.4 | 40.7±22.2 |
| p=0.04 | p=0.18 | p=0.68 | p=0.25 | |||||
| APOE2 | 20.6±12.6 | 0.2±2.5 | 13.0±11.0 | 2.5±2.0 | 3.1±8.5 | −1.1±1.7 | −5.1±7.1 | 31.1±25.0 |
| p=0.01 | p=0.14 | p=0.5 | p=0.34 | |||||
| APOE3 | 14.6±12.0 | −5.1±3.4 | 15.4±13.8 | 5.7±3.9 | 6.5±9.7 | −1.3±4.0 | −2.8±9.2 | 37.6±15.3 |
| p=0.03 | p=0.35 | p=0.38 | p=0.1 | |||||
| APOE4 | 22.2±16.0 | −2.3±2.3 | 21.7±16.7 | 5.3±3.2 | 6.1±10.7 | −1.7±2.2 | −1.4±9.6 | 29.0±16.2 |
| p=0.01 | p=0.13 | p=0.32 | p=0.24 | |||||
Per cent change from baseline to hypoglycemia and from baseline to 24 hours are shown for study 1 and study 2, as well as Students’ t-tests of the comparison of percentage change between studies.
P values in bold/italics indicate p<0.01.
APCS, amyloid P component; APOA1, apolipoprotein A1; APOE2, apolipoprotein E2; APOE3, apolipoprotein E3; APOE, apolipoprotein E; APOE4, apolipoprotein E4; APP, amyloid precursor protein; BL, baseline; MAPT, microtubule-associated protein tau; NOG, noggin; PAPPA, pappalysin; SAA1, serum amyloid A1; T2D, type 2 diabetes.