Study | Physiological conditions | Acetone concentrations (mean±SD)/ppm | ||||
Kistenev et al, 2020 | Indiscriminate diabetes mellitus | No control | 27.00±6.85 | |||
Overnight fasting | 8.89±0.83 | |||||
ND | No control | 8.77±13.49 | ||||
Overnight fasting | 9.30±2.21 | |||||
Trefz et al, 2019 | T1D | – | 0.24 (0.20–0.26) | |||
ND | 0.23 (0.19–0.31) | |||||
Yu et al, 2019 | Indiscriminate diabetes mellitus | Overnight fasting | 515.97±272.28 | |||
ND | 225.93±171.09 | |||||
Tyas et al, 2018 | T2D | – | 1.18±0.03 | |||
ND | 0.62±0.03 | |||||
Li et al13 | T2D | Overnight fasting | 2.20±2.378 | |||
ND | 0.78±0.35 | |||||
Chien et al, 2017 | T1D | – | 1.64±0.85 | |||
T2D | 1.12±0.60 | |||||
ND | 0.75±0.43 | |||||
Polanowska et al, 2017 | T2D (+chronic kidney disease) | – | 5.963 (0.644–21.543) | |||
ND | 3.154 (1.092–7.194) | |||||
Jiang, 2016 | T1D | Overnight fasting | 6.9±21.7 | 4.9±16 | ||
2 hours post breakfast | 6.3±19.6 | |||||
2 hours post lunch | 4.0±10.3 | |||||
2 hours post dinner | 1.5±0.7 | |||||
T2D | Overnight fasting | 1.7±0.7 | 1.5±1.3 | |||
2 hours post breakfast | 1.5±1.1 | |||||
2 hours post lunch | 1.4±1.0 | |||||
2 hours post dinner | 1.5±1.3 | |||||
ND | Overnight fasting | 1.3±0.3 | 1.1±0.5 | |||
2 hours post breakfast | 0.9±0.5 | |||||
2 hours post lunch | 1.0±0.6 | |||||
2 hours post dinner | 1.1±0.4 | |||||
Sun et al, 2015 | T2D | Overnight fasting | 1.7±2.1 | 1.5±1.5 | ||
2 hours post breakfast | 1.4±1.2 | |||||
2 hours post lunch | 1.3±1.1 | |||||
2 hours post dinner | 1.4±1.2 | |||||
ND | Overnight fasting | 1.2±0.4 | 1.0±0.6 | |||
2 hours post breakfast | 0.8±0.7 | |||||
2 hours post lunch | 0.8±0.5 | |||||
2 hours post dinner | 0.9±0.5 | |||||
Rydosz, 2014 | T1D | 2 hours after glucose ingestion | 2.08±0.47 | |||
ND | 0.63±0.12 | |||||
Zhou et al, 2014 | T2D | Overnight fasting | 2.167±1.155 | |||
ND | 0.488±0.166 | |||||
Wang, 2010 | T1D | Age ≤15 | 2.46±1.63 | 2.03±1.43 | ||
Age ≥16 | 1.75±1.07 | |||||
Male | 2.30±1.39 | |||||
Female | 1.87±1.47 | |||||
T2D | – | 2.05±2.31 | ||||
ND | – | 0.48±0.02 | ||||
Deng et al, 2004 | T2D | – | 2.35±0.56 | |||
ND | 0.51±0.18 | |||||
Tassopoulos et al, 1969 | Indiscriminate diabetes mellitus | Overnight fasting | No treatment | 0.80 | ||
Oral hypoglycemic agent | Sulfonylureas | 0.73 | ||||
Sulfonylureas+phenformin | 0.80 | |||||
Insulin-treated | 1.40 | |||||
Daytime | Insulin-treated | 1.22 | ||||
ND | Overnight fasting | 0.40 | ||||
Daytime | 0.39 | |||||
Rooth, 1966 | T1D | – | 1.71±1.91 | |||
T2D | 0.66±0.09 | |||||
PD | 0.31±0.03 | |||||
CD | 0.45±0.06 | |||||
ND | 0.42±0.34 | |||||
Stewart et al, 1964 | T1D | Overnight fasting | 40.44±82.61 | |||
T2D | 1.74±5.25 | |||||
ND | 0.42±0.19 |
Studies in bold font were used for pooled analysis.
Reference details provided in online supplemental file 1.
CD, chemical diabetes; ND, non-diabetes; PD, pre-diabetes; ppm, parts per million; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.