Table 2

Association between defined variables and NAFLD in patients with diabetes followed in general and diabetologist practices in Germany (Cox regression models)

Variable	HR (95% CI)	P value
Age 18–50	1.90 (1.38 to 2.62)	<0.001
Age 51–60	1.87 (1.37 to 2.54)	<0.001
Age 61–70	1.71 (1.26 to 2.31)	<0.001
Age 71–80	1.20 (0.88 to 1.64)	0.251
Age >80	Reference
Women	Reference
Men	1.00 (0.90 to 1.11)	0.977
General practice	Reference
Diabetologist practice	0.99 (0.87 to 1.12)	0.745
Codiagnoses documented prior to NAFLD diagnosis or end of follow-up
Diabetic renal complications	1.04 (0.79 to 1.38)	0.762
Diabetic neuropathy	0.99 (0.71 to 1.37)	0.928
Lipid metabolism disorders	1.16 (1.03 to 1.31)	0.012
Hypertension	1.03 (0.92 to 1.16)	0.606
Chronic ischemic heart disease	0.89 (0.73 to 1.07)	0.215
History of myocardial infarction	1.17 (0.88 to 1.67)	0.278
History of stroke/TIA	0.73 (0.51 to 1.04)	0.082
Peripheral vascular disease	0.79 (0.58 to 1.07)	0.126
HbA1c <6.5	Reference
HbA1c 6.5–7.4	1.02 (0.90 to 1.16)	0.761
HbA1c 7.5–8.4	1.10 (0.94 to 1.30)	0.244
HbA1c 8.5–9.4	1.14 (0.91 to 1.42)	0.264
HbA1c ≥9.5	1.07 (0.84 to 1.36)	0.595
BMI <25.0	Reference
BMI 25.0–29.9	1.27 (1.13 to 1.42)	<0.001
BMI 30.0–34.9	1.60 (1.43 to 1.79)	<0.001
BMI ≥35	1.57 (1.40 to 1.76)	<0.001
Antihyperglycemic drugs prescribed prior to NAFLD diagnosis or end of follow-up
Metformin monotherapy (no further therapy)	Reference
Sulfonylureas	0.91 (0.62 to 1.35)	0.651
DPP-4 inhibitors	1.07 (0.94 to 1.24)	0.313
SGLT2 inhibitors	0.54 (0.45 to 0.64)	<0.001
GLP-1 receptor agonists	0.65 (0.52 to 0.81)	<0.001
Insulin	0.72 (0.62 to 0.83)	<0.001
Other drugs	0.81 (0.58 to 1.12)	0.201

Significant values are in bold.
BMI, body mass index; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; TIA, transient ischemic attack.