Table 3

Associations of hemoglobin A1c and antidiabetic medication use with adverse outcomes from COVID-19 among veterans with diabetes, n=13 863

	Hospital admission within 30 days of diagnosis		ICU admission within 30 days of diagnosis		Death within 30 days of diagnosis		Death by 31 December 2020
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Sex at birth, female	0.91	0.76 to 1.09	0.75	0.55 to 1.00	0.61	0.41 to 0.91	0.65	0.48 to 0.88
Age category, years
19–39	0.78	0.55 to 1.09	0.92	0.54 to 1.57	0.14	0.02 to 1.01	0.08	0.01 to 0.56
40–49	0.75	0.60 to 0.93	0.74	0.52 to 1.07	0.67	0.35 to 1.27	0.57	0.35 to 0.95
50–59	ref		ref		ref		ref
60–69	1.18	1.03 to 1.35	1.18	0.96 to 1.44	2.58	1.88 to 3.53	2.12	1.68 to 2.66
70–79	1.23	1.07 to 1.42	1.31	1.07 to 1.61	4.75	3.48 to 6.47	3.46	2.76 to 4.33
≥80	1.36	1.15 to 1.62	1.34	1.04 to 1.73	9.43	6.76 to 13.15	6.17	4.85 to 7.84
White (vs not white)	0.97	0.83 to 1.13	0.95	0.76 to 1.19	0.92	0.73 to 1.15	1.02	0.86 to 1.20
Black (vs not black)	1.42	1.20 to 1.67	1.27	1.00 to 1.61	0.87	0.69 to 1.11	0.92	0.77 to 1.09
Hispanic (vs not Hispanic)	1.07	0.93 to 1.23	0.97	0.79 to 1.20	1.15	0.93 to 1.43	1.01	0.86 to 1.18
Body mass index category, kg/m²
<18.5	0.97	0.59 to 1.61	0.90	0.45 to 1.80	1.80	1.05 to 3.09	1.63	1.16 to 2.29
18.5–24.9	ref		ref		ref		ref
25–29.9	0.98	0.85 to 1.13	1.10	0.90 to 1.36	0.97	0.80 to 1.17	0.85	0.75 to 0.97
30–34.9	0.90	0.77 to 1.04	1.13	0.92 to 1.40	0.95	0.78 to 1.16	0.77	0.67 to 0.88
35–39.9	0.96	0.82 to 1.12	1.20	0.94 to 1.52	0.95	0.74 to 1.22	0.79	0.66 to 0.94
≥40	1.08	0.90 to 1.29	1.32	1.03 to 1.71	1.45	1.12 to 1.88	0.99	0.81 to 1.20
Tobacco use
Never	ref		ref		ref		ref
Former	1.16	1.04 to 1.29	1.27	1.08 to 1.49	1.19	1.01 to 1.41	1.18	1.04 to 1.34
Current	1.23	1.10 to 1.39	1.33	1.12 to 1.60	1.14	0.94 to 1.39	1.19	1.03 to 1.37
Hemoglobin A1c, %
<7	ref		ref		ref		ref
7–7.9	0.90	0.81 to 1.01	0.94	0.80 to 1.11	1.04	0.88 to 1.22	0.98	0.87 to 1.10
8–8.9	0.92	0.79 to 1.06	0.95	0.76 to 1.17	1.09	0.88 to 1.34	1.00	0.86 to 1.17
≥9	1.10	0.96 to 1.25	1.04	0.85 to 1.27	1.25	1.02 to 1.54	1.09	0.94 to 1.27
Metformin	1.00	0.91 to 1.10	1.13	0.98 to 1.30	1.03	0.89 to 1.21	0.93	0.83 to 1.04
Sulfonyurea	1.13	1.01 to 1.28	1.13	0.96 to 1.34	0.87	0.72 to 1.06	0.96	0.83 to 1.11
Thiazolidinedione	0.89	0.69 to 1.16	1.02	0.70 to 1.49	0.95	0.60 to 1.48	0.95	0.67 to 1.34
DPP-4 inhibitor	0.94	0.80 to 1.10	0.99	0.78 to 1.24	1.05	0.83 to 1.34	1.01	0.84 to 1.22
GLP-1 receptor agonist	1.11	0.92 to 1.33	1.06	0.81 to 1.38	1.31	0.99 to 1.74	1.00	0.79 to 1.26
SGLT2 inhibitor	0.87	0.73 to 1.05	0.78	0.59 to 1.03	0.76	0.55 to 1.05	0.81	0.63 to 1.04
Insulin	1.15	1.03 to 1.27	1.12	0.96 to 1.31	1.11	0.94 to 1.30	1.18	1.05 to 1.33
ACE inhibitor	1.01	0.91 to 1.11	1.01	0.87 to 1.17	0.92	0.78 to 1.07	0.90	0.80 to 1.01
ARB	0.82	0.73 to 0.92	0.89	0.75 to 1.06	0.89	0.74 to 1.07	0.85	0.74 to 0.97
Statin	1.00	0.91 to 1.10	0.91	0.79 to 1.04	0.76	0.66 to 0.88	0.76	0.68 to 0.84
Platelet inhibitor	1.01	0.91 to 1.11	0.93	0.81 to 1.07	1.02	0.88 to 1.18	1.03	0.93 to 1.14
Hypertension	1.17	1.00 to 1.37	1.22	0.95 to 1.58	0.89	0.69 to 1.15	1.03	0.84 to 1.26
Cardiovascular disease	1.53	1.38 to 1.69	1.52	1.31 to 1.76	1.32	1.13 to 1.54	1.39	1.23 to 1.56
Heart failure	1.56	1.41 to 1.73	1.50	1.30 to 1.72	1.12	0.98 to 1.29	1.24	1.12 to 1.36
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m²
≥90	ref		ref		ref		ref
60–89	0.93	0.83 to 1.05	0.93	0.78 to 1.11	1.15	0.92 to 1.42	0.99	0.85 to 1.16
45–59	1.04	0.90 to 1.20	1.11	0.90 to 1.37	1.39	1.09 to 1.78	1.16	0.98 to 1.38
30–44	1.22	1.03 to 1.44	1.32	1.04 to 1.68	1.77	1.36 to 2.30	1.47	1.22 to 1.77
15–29	1.35	1.09 to 1.68	1.49	1.11 to 2.01	2.40	1.75 to 3.27	1.82	1.48 to 2.24
<15 or dialysis	1.36	1.09 to 1.70	1.49	1.11 to 2.00	1.62	1.16 to 2.26	1.57	1.26 to 1.95
Urban/rural/highly rural residence
Highly rural	0.68	0.32 to 1.43	1.31	0.54 to 3.16	2.00	0.88 to 4.54	1.33	0.69 to 2.58
Rural	0.66	0.58 to 0.75	0.82	0.68 to 0.98	0.91	0.76 to 1.10	0.86	0.75 to 0.99
Urban	ref		ref		ref		ref
Unknown	1.26	1.14 to 1.40	1.05	0.91 to 1.21	1.03	0.88 to 1.19	1.10	0.99 to 1.22

Models additionally adjusted for geographic location by Veterans Integrated Service Network location and by month of COVID-19 diagnosis.
n=13 863 or logistic regression models, n=13 825 for Cox proportional hazards model.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; ICU, intensive care unit; SGLT2, sodium-glucose contransporter-2.