General characteristics of the weighted study population by depressive symptom severity
| Estimated proportion (%) | Depressive symptom severity* | P value | ||||
| None 0–4 | Mild 5–9 | Moderate 10–14 | Moderately severe 15–19 | Severe 20 and higher | ||
| Total (n)† | 157 949 112 | 31 099 302 | 10 085 455 | 4 280 562 | 2 031 895 | |
| Age | ||||||
| 20–39 | 35.5 | 33.4 | 34 | 30.8 | 34.5 | 0.032 |
| 40–59 | 36 | 39.9 | 39.3 | 43.8 | 47.7 | |
| 60–79 | 24.1 | 21.6 | 23.8 | 21.7 | 14.3 | |
| ≥80 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 52.4 | 41.5 | 33.8 | 33.7 | 42.4 | <0.001 |
| Female | 47.6 | 58.5 | 66.2 | 66.3 | 57.6 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 67.6 | 65.6 | 64.8 | 66.1 | 58.2 | <0.001 |
| Black | 10.4 | 12.7 | 13 | 11.8 | 10.7 | |
| Mexican Hispanic | 8.4 | 8.7 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 5.5 | |
| Other Hispanic | 5.6 | 5.9 | 7.3 | 9.4 | 13.7 | |
| Asian | 5.3 | 4 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 1.4 | |
| Others | 2.8 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 10.5 | |
| BMI (kg/m2)‡ | ||||||
| Underweight | 1.2 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Normal | 28.9 | 23.1 | 24.7 | 16.5 | 28.5 | |
| Overweight | 33.6 | 31.4 | 23.6 | 26.9 | 27 | |
| Obese | 35.6 | 42.5 | 48.7 | 53.2 | 42.8 | |
| Unknown | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Smoker/ex-smoker | 41.2 | 51.7 | 60.5 | 62.6 | 69 | <0.001 |
| Never | 58.8 | 48.3 | 39.5 | 37.4 | 31 | |
| Alcohol | ||||||
| Binge drinking | 32.4 | 34.6 | 33.6 | 28.4 | 36.7 | 0.296 |
| No | 67.6 | 65.4 | 66.4 | 71.6 | 63.3 | |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Moderate/vigorous activity | 58.4 | 47.7 | 36.9 | 34.9 | 28.4 | <0.001 |
| No | 41.6 | 52.3 | 63.1 | 65.1 | 71.6 | |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married/living with partner | 65.8 | 55.4 | 44.6 | 47.4 | 44.1 | <0.001 |
| Other | 34.2 | 44.6 | 55.4 | 52.6 | 55.9 | |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 13.1 | 17.2 | 22 | 30 | 25.9 | <0.001 |
| High school or General Education Development (GED) | 20 | 23.8 | 23.9 | 30.5 | 22.7 | |
| Some college or more | 66.9 | 58.9 | 54.1 | 39.5 | 51.4 | |
| Income (household, US$) | ||||||
| <20 000 | 11.4 | 18.2 | 28 | 31.6 | 29 | <0.001 |
| ≥20 000 | 85 | 78.1 | 68.8 | 64.4 | 67.7 | |
| Unknown | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 4 | 3.3 | |
| Insurance | ||||||
| Covered | 84.2 | 80.3 | 79.2 | 77.5 | 78.9 | <0.001 |
| Not covered | 15.8 | 19.7 | 20.8 | 22.5 | 21.1 | |
| Healthcare utilization/past 1 year | ||||||
| None | 16.5 | 11.3 | 12.1 | 12.4 | 9.8 | <0.001 |
| 1–3 | 50.9 | 40.7 | 31 | 21.9 | 26.5 | |
| 4 or more | 32.6 | 47.9 | 56.9 | 65.7 | 63.6 | |
*Depressive symptom severity was based on PHQ-9 score.
†Data are weighted to the non-institutionalized US population.
‡Underweight (BMI <18.5), normal (18.5 ≤ BMI <25), overweight (25 ≤ BMI <30), and obese (BMI ≥30).
BMI, body mass index; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.