Clinical characteristics of the study participants
| Total (n=284) | Male (n=178) | Female (n=106) | |
| Age, year | 60 (52–65) | 58 (50–64) | 62 (57–65)** |
| Duration, year | 11 (5–16) | 11 (5–16) | 11 (6–17) |
| SBP, mm Hg | 132 (121–141) | 132 (122–142) | 132 (120–140) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 80 (75–88) | 81 (75–90) | 80 (75–85)* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.9±2.9 | 25.1±2.8 | 24.7±3.2 |
| Saliva 1,5-AG, μg/mL | 0.133 (0.089–0.204) | 0.132 (0.089–0.203) | 0.136 (0.087–0.207) |
| Serum 1,5-AG, μg/mL | 3.25 (1.60–6.60) | 2.85 (1.40–5.90) | 3.95 (2.00–9.18)* |
| HbA1c, % | 8.4 (7.3–9.8) | 8.6 (7.4–9.9) | 8.3 (7.2–9.5) |
| GA, % | 20.8 (17.4–25.4) | 20.7 (17.7–25.7) | 20.8 (16.8–24.6) |
| FPG, mmol/L | 7.1 (5.9–8.5) | 7.1 (5.9–8.5) | 7.2 (5.8–8.6) |
| PG30, mmol/L | 11.0±3.0 | 11.1±2.8 | 10.7±3.2 |
| 2hPG, mmol/L | 12.6±3.5 | 12.6±3.3 | 12.5±3.7 |
| FCP, ng/mL | 1.71 (1.08–2.46) | 1.78 (1.25–2.47) | 1.55 (1.00–2.42) |
| CP30, ng/mL | 2.59 (1.67–3.61) | 2.69 (1.91–3.57) | 2.28 (1.42–3.78) |
| 2hCP, ng/mL | 3.88 (2.52–6.15) | 4.07 (2.87–6.00) | 3.66 (2.15–6.44) |
| Cr, μmol/L | 61 (52–73) | 68 (60–77) | 51 (46–59)** |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 103 (94–110) | 100 (91–108) | 105 (99–113)** |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.6±1.1 | 4.5±1.1 | 4.7±1.0 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.62 (1.21–2.24) | 1.62 (1.28–2.22) | 1.62 (1.12–2.36) |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 0.99 (0.85–1.14) | 1.13 (0.93–1.38)** |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.8±1.0 | 2.8±1.0 | 2.8±0.9 |
| Antidiabetic therapy, n (%) | |||
| OHA therapy | 84 (29.6) | 51 (28.6)s | 33 (31.1) |
| Insulin therapy | 126 (44.4) | 82 (46.1) | 44 (41.5) |
| OHA+insulin therapy | 74 (26.0) | 45 (25.3) | 29 (27.4) |
Data were expressed as mean±SD, median (IQR) or n (percentage).
OHA therapy refers to those treated with OHA only; insulin therapy refers to those treated only on insulin.
*P<0.05 and **p<0.01 with male vs female.
1,5-AG, 1,5-anhydroglucitol; BMI, body mass index; CP30, 30 min C-peptide; Cr, serum creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FCP, fasting C-peptide; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GA, glycated albumin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; 2hCP, 2-hour C-peptide; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 2hPG, 2 hour postload glucose; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; PG30, 30 min postload glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.