Total by GDM | Total by year | |||||
No GDM (%) n=806 155 | GDM (%) n=71 740 | % difference (95% CI)* | 2006 (%) n=83 774 | 2015 (%) n=87 809 | Rate difference (95% CI)† | |
Gestational age in completed weeks at birth | ||||||
33–36 | 4.6 | 7.0 | 2.5 (2.3 to 2.7) | 4.6 | 4.9 | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.5) |
37–39 | 23.2 | 38.8 | 15.6 (15.2 to 15.9) | 22.0 | 27.6 | 5.8 (5.4 to 6.1) |
39–41 | 72.2 | 54.2 | −18.0 (−18.4 to −17.6) | 73.3 | 67.5 | −6.1 (−6.4 to −5.7) |
Planned birth | 42.3 | 62.8 | 20.6 (20.2 to 20.9) | 40.3 | 48.9 | 9.7 (9.4 to 10.1) |
Planned birth <39 weeks | 13.9 | 29.7 | 15.9 (15.5 to 16.2) | 13.2 | 18.9 | 6.4 (6.2 to 6.7) |
Total cesareans | 28.8 | 38.1 | 9.3 (8.9 to 9.7) | 27.6 | 31.2 | 4.1 (3.8 to 4.5) |
Maternal morbidity‡ | 1.6 | 2.0 | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | 1.4 | 1.9 | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) |
Perinatal mortality | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10) | 0.26 | 0.19 | −0.07 (−0.10 to −0.03) |
Neonatal morbidity§ | 2.2 | 3.0 | 0.8 (0.6 to 0.9) | 2.1 | 2.5 | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) |
Macrosomia (>4 kg) | 11.5 | 8.7 | −2.7 (−2.9 to −2.5) | 11.8 | 10.0 | −2.1 (−2.3 to −1.9) |
Large for gestational age | 9.8 | 11.2 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.6) | 9.8 | 9.3 | −0.7 (−0.9 to −0.5) |
Neonatal hypoglycemia | 2.1 | 17.9 | 15.9 (15.6 to 16.2) | 2.4 | 4.8 | 2.4 (2.3 to 2.6) |
No GDM by year | GDM by year | |||||
2006 (%) n=78 941 | 2015 (%) n=76 555 | Rate difference (95% CI)† | 2006 (%) n=4833 | 2015 (%) n=11 254 | Rate difference (95% CI)† | |
Gestational age in completed weeks at birth | ||||||
33–36 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.3) | 6.9 | 7.1 | 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.8) |
37–39 | 21.3 | 25.6 | 4.2 (3.9 to 4.5) | 34.1 | 41.3 | 8.1 (6.9 to 9.4) |
39–41 | 74.2 | 69.8 | −4.4 (−4.7 to −4.0) | 59.0 | 51.6 | −8.2 (−9.5 to −7.0) |
Planned birth | 39.3 | 46.4 | 8.0 (7.6 to 8.4) | 56.7 | 65.9 | 9.4 (8.2 to 10.6) |
Planned birth <39 weeks | 12.5 | 16.8 | 4.8 (4.5 to 5.0) | 24.6 | 32.8 | 9.9 (8.7 to 11.1) |
Total cesareans | 27.1 | 30.1 | 3.5 (3.1 to 3.8) | 36.2 | 38.7 | 3.0 (1.8 to 4.3) |
Maternal morbidity‡ | 1.4 | 1.8 | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) | 1.7 | 2.2 | 0.6 (0.2 to 0.9) |
Perinatal mortality | 0.26 | 0.19 | −0.07 (−0.11 to −0.03) | 0.23 | 0.20 | −0.09 (−0.22 to 0.05) |
Neonatal morbidity§ | 2.0 | 2.4 | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | 2.8 | 2.9 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.4) |
Macrosomia (>4 kg) | 11.8 | 10.4 | −1.7 (−1.9 to −1.4) | 11.7 | 7.6 | −4.4 (−5.1 to −3.7) |
Large for gestational age | 9.6 | 9.2 | −0.6 (−0.8 to −0.4) | 13.3 | 10.2 | −3.2 (−4.0 to −2.4) |
Neonatal hypoglycemia | 1.5 | 3.0 | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.5) | 16.1 | 17.5 | −0.9 (−1.8 to 0.1) |
*Percentage difference in total ‘No GDM’ and ‘GDM’ percentages.
†Rate difference, average 10-year linear change estimated using linear regression across 2006–2015.
‡Maternal morbidity outcome indicator.15
§Neonatal adverse outcome indicator.16
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.