Table 2

Baseline characteristics of subjects with diabetes by diabetic complication status

	No diabetic complications (0)		DR or CKD (1)		DR and CKD (2)			P value
Characteristics	(N=987)		(N=677)		(N=146)		Three groups	(1) versus (0)	(2) versus (0)
Age (years)	59.7	9.6	62.7	9.8	65.6	7.9	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Ethnicity							<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Malay	265	26.9%	257	37.9%	77	52.7%
Indian	474	48.0%	299	44.2%	52	35.6%
Chinese	248	25.1%	121	17.9%	17	11.6%
Men	465	47.1%	336	49.6%	57	39.0%	0.065	0.313	0.068
BMI (kg/m²)	26.9	4.6	26.4	4.5	27.1	4.9	0.112	0.061	0.619
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	141.4	19.3	149.5	23.5	158.5	24	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	77.9	9.4	78.6	10.9	78.4	11.8	0.468	0.222	0.544
HbA1c (%)	7.8	1.8	8.2	1.9	8.3	1.9	<0.001	<0.001	0.007
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.1	1.4	5.2	1.3	1.3	1.5	0.099	0.439	0.026
HDL (mmol/L)	1.2	0.3	1.2	0.3	1.2	0.4	0.170	0.192	0.121
LDL (mmol/L)	3.2	1.0	3.1	1.0	3.1	1.1	0.506	0.299	0.437
Blood glucose (mmol/L)	10.3	4.6	11.2	5.6	11.1	5.7	0.002	0.001	0.080
Duration of diabetes (years)	6.1	7.2	10.3	9.4	13.5	9.9	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Therapy for diabetes							<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Diet only	70	8.7%	24	3.9%	4	2.9%
Insulin only	0	0%	6	1.0%	2	1.4%
Oral medication only	384	47.5%	287	46.6%	65	46.4%
Oral medication and insulin	20	2.5%	47	7.6%	21	15.0%
Hypertension	687	69.8%	558	82.4%	139	95.2%	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Hyperlipidaemia	567	58.6%	377	57.7%	94	64.8%	0.279	0.710	0.153
Current smoking	146	14.8%	74	11.0%	9	6.1%	0.003	0.024	0.005
Current alcohol	78	7.9%	50	7.4%	2	1.4%	0.016	0.720	0.004
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73m²	88.7	14.6	75.7	25.3	42.4	13.9	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Albumin:creatinine ratio	48.6	134.5	191.2	685.8	1028.5	3704.4	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

Data presented are mean and SD, or count and proportion for continuous and categorical variables respectively.
BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.