Demographic, socioeconomic status (SES) of participants with hypertension visiting polyclinics in Singapore with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
| Variables | Proportion of T2DM (%) (95% CI) | With T2DM* (n=284) | Without T2DM* (n=631) | Total (n=915) | P value (Fisher’s exact test) |
| Age (years), n (%) | 0.046 | ||||
| 40–65 | 34.0 (29.9% to 38.5%) | 159 (56.0) | 308 (48.8) | 467 (51.0) | |
| >65 | 27.9 (23.9% to 32.2%) | 125 (44.0) | 323 (51.2) | 448 (49.0) | |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.568 | ||||
| Male | 31.9 (27.8% to 36.3%) | 149 (52.5) | 318 (50.4) | 467 (51.0) | |
| Female | 30.1 (26.1% to 34.5%) | 135 (47.5) | 313 (49.6) | 448 (49.0) | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Chinese | 26.8 (23.6% to 30.3%) | 182 (64.1) | 497 (78.8) | 679 (74.2) | |
| Malay | 40.0 (31.7% to 48.9%) | 48 (16.9) | 72 (11.4) | 120 (13.1) | |
| Indian | 56.0 (45.3% to 66.1%) | 47 (16.5) | 37 (5.9) | 84 (9.2) | |
| Others | 21.9 (11.0% to 38.8%) | 7 (2.5) | 25 (4.0) | 32 (3.5) | |
| Education, n (%)† | 0.054 | ||||
| Primary school and below | 35.9 (30.2% to 42.0%) | 89 (31.3) | 159 (25.3) | 248 (27.5) | |
| Secondary school and above | 29.2 (25.8% to 32.8%) | 191 (67.2) | 463 (73.4) | 654 (72.5) | |
| Employment status, n (%) | 1.000 | ||||
| Employed | 30.9 (26.8% to 35.4%) | 138 (48.6) | 308 (48.8) | 446 (48.7) | |
| Unemployed | 31.1 (27.1% to 35.5%) | 146 (51.4) | 323 (51.2) | 469 (51.3) | |
| Living in rental housing, n (%) | 0.164 | ||||
| Yes | 25.7 (19.2% to 33.5%) | 36 (12.7) | 104 (16.5) | 140 (15.3) | |
| No | 32.0 (28.8% to 35.4%) | 248 (87.3) | 527 (83.5) | 775 (84.7) | |
| Housing type, n (%)‡ | 0.007 | ||||
| Private housing | 19.4 (13.6% to 26.9%) | 26 (9.2) | 108 (17.1) | 134 (14.7) | |
| Public housing (one to three rooms) | 33.2 (27.7% to 39.2%) | 85 (30.0) | 171 (27.1) | 256 (28.1) | |
| Public housing (four to five rooms) | 33.0 (29.1% to 37.2%) | 172 (60.5) | 349 (55.3) | 521 (57.2) | |
| Unweighted composite SES scores, n (%)§ | 0.400 | ||||
| Low SES | 35.1 (28.6% to 42.3%) | 65 (22.9) | 120 (19.0) | 185 (20.6) | |
| Medium SES | 30.4 (25.8% to 35.5%) | 104 (36.6) | 238 (37.7) | 342 (38.1) | |
| High SES | 29.6 (25.2% to 34.5%) | 110 (38.7) | 261 (41.3) | 371 (41.3) |
*T2DM was defined as meeting one of the three criteria: (i) self-reported ‘physician-diagnosed diabetes confirmed through medical records’ or taking antidiabetes; (ii) fasting plasma glucose levels ≥7.0 mmol/dL; (iii) hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%.
†13 missing value due to non-response.
‡4 missing value due to non-response.
§17 missing value due to non-response.