Table 2

Associations between participants’ characteristics and risk of having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among patients with uncontrolled hypertension

VariablesUnivariate analysisMultivariate model 1*Multivariate model 2†Multivariate model 3‡Multivariate model 4§
95% CI95% CI95% CI95% CI95% CI
Age (years)
40–65 (n=467)RefRefRefRefRef
>65 (n=448)0.75
(0.56 to 0.99)		0.75
(0.53 to 1.05)		0.74
(0.53 to 1.05)		0.79
(0.56 to 1.12)		0.79
(0.54 to 1.16)
Gender
Male (n=467)RefRefRefRefRef
Female (n=448)0.92
(0.69 to 1.21)		0.81
(0.59 to 1.10)		0.78
(0.55 to 1.10)		0.63
(0.44 to 0.91)		1.02
(0.68 to 1.55)
Ethnicity
Chinese (n=679)RefRefRefRefRef
Malay (n=120)1.82
(1.21 to 2.72)¶		1.59
(1.04 to 2.44)		1.49
(0.97 to 2.31)		1.31
(0.84 to 2.05)		1.36
(0.83 to 2.24)
Indian (n=84)3.46
(2.18 to 5.51)¶		3.65
(2.25 to 5.91)¶		3.50
(2.14 to 5.74)¶		3.13
(1.88 to 5.22)¶		2.53
(1.47 to 4.36)¶
Others (n=32)0.76
(0.32 to 1.79)		0.90
(0.37 to 2.16)		0.88
(0.36 to 2.15)		0.69
(0.28 to 1.70)		0.65
(0.25 to 1.68)
Education**
Primary school and below (n=248)1.35
(0.99 to 1.84)		1.44
(1.02 to 2.02)		1.36
(0.96 to 1.93)		1.39
(0.98 to 1.98)		1.42
(0.98 to 2.08)
Secondary school and above (n=654)RefRefRefRefRef
Employment status
Employed (n=446)RefRefRefRefRef
Unemployed (n=469)1.00
(0.76 to 1.33)		1.23
(0.88 to 1.72)		1.22
(0.87 to 1.70)		1.31
(0.93 to 1.85)		1.19
(0.82 to 1.73)
Living in rental housing
No (n=775)RefRefRefRefRef
Yes (n=140)0.73
(0.48 to 1.10)		0.73
(0.47 to 1.14)		0.74
(0.47 to 1.15)		0.71
(0.45 to 1.12)		0.73
(0.45 to 1.20)
Housing type††
Private housing (n=134)RefRefRefRefRef
Public housing (one to three rooms) (n=256)2.06
(1.25 to 3.40)¶		2.00
(1.16 to 3.43)¶		1.92
(1.11 to 3.31)		1.96
(1.12 to 3.42)		1.70
(0.94 to 3.05)
Public housing (four to five rooms) (n=521)2.04
(1.28 to 3.26)¶		1.86
(1.13 to 3.04)		1.80
(1.10 to 2.95)		1.83
(1.10 to 3.04)		1.70
(1.00 to 2.89)
Cigarette smoking
Former or current smokers (n=203)1.15
(0.83 to 1.61)		0.99
(0.67 to 1.46)		1.00
(0.67 to 1.49)		0.95
(0.62 to 1.46)
Never smoked (n=712)RefRefRefRef
Physical activity
Low levels (n=746)1.50
(1.02 to 2.21)		1.36
(0.91 to 2.03)		1.23
(0.81 to 1.86)		1.03
(0.66 to 1.59)
High levels (n=169)RefRefRefRef
Dietary habits in the past month‡‡
Dining at hawker center (n=403)0.77
(0.58 to 1.03)		0.86
(0.62 to 1.18)		0.84
(0.61 to 1.16)		0.84
(0.59 to 1.19)
Never dined at hawker center (n=511)RefRefRefRef
Dietary quality
Poor (n=171)1.33
(0.94 to 1.89)		1.30
(0.89 to 1.89)		1.29
(0.88 to 1.89)		1.24
(0.82 to 1.87)
Good (n=744)RefRefRefRef
Body mass index§§
Underweight and normal (<23 kg/m2)
(n=202)		Ref
Overweight (23 to <27.5 kg/m2) (n=383)1.56
(1.04 to 2.32)
Obese (≥27.5 kg/m2) (n=328)2.15
(1.44 to 3.22)¶
Waist circumference¶¶
Desirable (M <90; F <80 cm) (n=253)RefRefRef
High (M 90 to <102; F 80 to <88 cm) (n=346)2.30
(1.55 to 3.42)¶		2.43
(1.60 to 3.68)¶		2.44
(1.56 to 3.82)¶
Very high (M ≥102; F ≥88 cm) (n=313)3.15
(2.12 to 4.69)¶		3.21
(2.07 to 4.97)¶		3.00
(1.87 to 4.80)¶
History of cardiovascular disease
Yes (n=95)1.48
(0.95 to 2.29)		1.06
(0.63 to 1.78)
No (n=820)RefRef
History of stroke§§
Yes (n=35)0.57
(0.29 to 1.12)		0.76
(0.33 to 1.74)
No (n=878)RefRef
Lipid profile
Total cholesterol***0.40
(0.33 to 0.48)¶		–
HDL-c***0.27
(0.18 to 0.40)¶		0.28
(0.17 to 0.48)¶
LDL-c†††0.43
(0.35 to 0.53)¶		0.43
(0.34 to 0.54)¶
Triglycerides†††1.17
(0.98 to 1.40)		0.73
(0.54 to 0.97)

  • *Model 1 included age (40–65 years old and >65 years old), gender (men, women), ethnicity (Chinese, Malay, Indian, others), education levels (primary school and below, secondary school and above), employment status (yes, no), living in rental housing (yes, no) and type of housing (private housing, one to three rooms and four to five rooms public housing).

  • †Model 2: model 1 plus cigarette smoking (past or current smoker, never smoked before), physical activity (high levels, low levels), dietary habits in the past month (dining at hawker center, never dined at hawker center) and dietary quality (poor, good).

  • ‡Model 3: model 2 plus waist circumference (desirable, high, very high).

  • §Model 4: model 3 plus history of heart disease (yes, no), history of stroke (yes, no), lipid profile (HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides).

  • ¶P≤0.0125 indicating statistically significant association between variable and T2DM.

  • **13 missing value due to non-response.

  • ††4 missing value due to non-response.

  • ‡‡1 missing value due to non-response.

  • §§2 missing values due to non-response.

  • ¶¶3 missing values due to non-response.

  • ***9 missing values due to non-response.

  • †††15 missing values due to non-response.

  • HDL-c, high-density lipid cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipid cholesterol; Ref, reference.