Clinical and biochemical characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Non-GDM | GDM | P |
| N | 217 | 230 | |
| Age (years) | 29.1±3.32 | 29.2±2.72 | 0.808 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9±3.45 | 23.9±3.64 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 67.8±7.58 | 70.6±7.96 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 104±10.5 | 108±10.6 | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 16 (11,22) | 19 (14,26) | <0.001 |
| GCT glucose (mmol/L) | 6.27 (5.39, 7.20) | 9.00 (8.36, 9.96) | <0.001 |
| Gestational weeks | 10.1±2.05 | 10.1±2.10 | 0.937 |
| Han nationality | 210 (96.8%) | 225 (97.8%) | 0.693 |
| Parity ≥1 | 11 (5.1%) | 13 (5.7%) | 0.949 |
| Family history of diabetes | 13 (6.0%) | 28 (12.2%) | 0.168 |
| Habitual smoker (yes) | 13 (6.0%) | 15 (6.5%) | 0.867 |
| Alcohol drinker (yes) | 53 (24.4%) | 69 (30.0%) | 0.999 |
| Education>12 years | 216 (48.9%) | 226 (51.1%) | 0.080 |
| Weight gain up to GCT (kg) | 8.72±3.28 | 8.32±3.60 | 0.229 |
| Bile acid (nmol/mL) | |||
| DCA | 0.26 (0.16, 0.45) | 0.20 (0.10, 0.34) | <0.001 |
| GCA | 0.07 (0.04, 0.13) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.09) | <0.001 |
| GDCA | 0.12 (0.06, 0.23) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.14) | <0.001 |
| GCDCA | 0.35 (0.16, 0.63) | 0.21 (0.12, 0.38) | <0.001 |
| GUDCA | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | <0.001 |
| TCDCA | 0.10 (0.05, 0.19) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.10) | <0.001 |
| TDCA | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | <0.001 |
| CDCA | 0.09 (0.05, 0.20) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.14) | 0.024 |
| HDCA | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.040 |
| TCA | 0.05 (0.04, 0.09) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) | 0.056 |
| CA | 0.10 (0.08, 0.15) | 0.10 (0.09, 0.13) | 0.153 |
Non-GDM group was matched on age ±1 year of the GDM group. Values are described as n, n (%), or median (Q1, Q3) or means±SD.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CA, cholic acid; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DCA, deoxycholic acid; GCA, glycocholic acid; GCDCA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid; GCT, glucose challenge test; GDCA, glycodeoxycholic acid; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GUDCA, glycoursodeoxycholic acid; HDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TCA, taurocholic acid; TCDCA, taurochenodeoxycholic acid; TDCA, taurodeoxycholic acid.