Table 1

Characteristics of the participants

Impaired awareness of hypoglycemiaP value
AbsentPresent
n=434n=75
Age, years28 (22–51)49 (31–59)<0.001
Female gender, n (%)256 (59.0)46 (61.3)0.702
Diabetes duration, years17 (12–29)25 (15–39)<0.001
Diabetes duration >35 years, n (%)68 (15.7)22 (29.3)0.004
Age at diabetes onset, years12 (8–19)17 (11–27)0.001
Age at diabetes onset >18, years, n (%)120 (27.6)35 (46.7)0.001
Body mass index, kg/m225.0 (22.8–27.6)25.6 (24.1–29.3)0.007
Insulin pump use, n (%)279 (64.3)45 (60.0)0.476
Insulin dose (U/day)55±2250±210.085
Glucose sensor use, n (%)88 (20.3)32 (42.7)<0.001
rtCGM/isCGM (n)68/2030/2<0.001
Alcohol use, n (%)*123 (35.3)15 (29.4)0.405
HbA1c, %7.7 (1.1)7.7 (1.0)0.994
HbA1c, mmol/mol61 (12)61 (11)0.995
C-peptide continuous, pmol/L0.0 (0.0–4.5)0.0 (0.0–0.0)0.135
C-peptide categorical, <3.8, 3.8–20, >20 pmol/L, n (%)319/55/60 (73.5/12.7/13.8)61/7/7 (81.4/9.3/9.3)0.352
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2105±2195±23<0.001
Total cholesterol, mmol/L4.5 (4.0–5.0)4.5 (4.1–5.2)0.463
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L1.5 (1.3–2.0)1.7 (1.4–2.0)0.104
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L2.5 (2.2–3.0)2.5 (2.2–3.1)0.820
Triglycerides, mmol/L0.8 (0.6–1.2)0.9 (0.7–1.2)0.201
Albumin:creatinine ratio, mg/mmol0.4 (0.0–1.1)0.4 (0.0–1.2)0.843
  • Data are presented as mean±SD, median (IQR) or n (%).

  • *Only available in 399 participants.

  • eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; isCGM, intermittently scanned (flash) glucose monitoring; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; rtCGM, real-time continuous glucose monitoring.