Population characteristics according to glucose tolerance group
| Characteristic*† | Total cohort 100% n=486 | Group 1 NGT-Ref 52% n=252 | Group 2 NGT-IR 11% n=52 | Group 3 Abnl-GT-IR‡ 14% n=69 | Group 4 Abnl-GT-β-cell failure‡ 23% n=113 |
| Sex (% male) | 64% | 62% | 56% | 71% | 69% |
| Age (years) | 38±10 | 36±10 | 36±8 | 42±9*** | 42±10*** |
| BMI (kg/m2†) | 27.6±4.4 | 26.4±4.2 | 29.9±3.7*** | 30.8±4.3*** | 27.4±4.0### |
| Obesity prevalence (%) | 27% | 18% | 50%*** | 52%*** | 19%### |
| WC (cm) | 91±12 | 86±10 | 97±10*** | 101±10*** | 91±10### |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 120±14 | 118±13 | 118±12 | 123±15 | 122±14 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 72±10 | 71±9 | 70±9 | 74±9 | 74±11 |
| VAT (cm2†) (n=471) | 96±68 | 67±51 | 122±60*** | 163±72*** | 107±63***### |
| Matsuda Index | 5.76±3.75 | 7.49±3.82 | 2.21±0.55*** | 2.07±0.53*** | 5.45±2.59***### |
| Insulin Secretion Index | 0.52±0.33 | 0.43±0.19 | 1.11±0.49*** | 0.64±0.29*** | 0.36±0.15*### |
| Oral DI (Matsuda Index) | 2.27±0.99 | 2.79±0.93 | 2.26±0.72*** | 1.27±0.52*** | 1.71±0.54***### |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1±0.7 | 4.9±0.3 | 5.0±0.3 | 5.9±1.4*** | 5.3±0.6***### |
| Glucose at 2 hours (mmol/L) | 7.3±2.3 | 6.0±0.9 | 6.6±0.8 | 10.0±3.1* | 9.0±1.9***## |
| Glucose AUC during the OGTT | 543±125 | 473±65 | 515±65** | 701±164*** | 613±88***### |
| A1C (mmol/mol) (n=483) | 36±7 | 34±5 | 35±5 | 40±13*** | 37±6*** |
| A1C (%) (n=483) | 5.4±0.7 | 5.3±0.5 | 5.4±0.4 | 5.8±1.1*** | 5.6±0.5*** |
| Diabetes (%) | 7% | 0% | 0% | 26%*** | 12%***## |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.25±0.91 | 4.11±0.87 | 4.31±0.83 | 4.52±0.88* | 4.39±0.98 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.83±0.43 | 0.71±0.30 | 0.85±0.42* | 1.21±0.60*** | 0.85±0.42*### |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.33±0.36 | 1.40±0.37 | 1.25±0.31** | 1.18±0.32*** | 1.31±0.32**## |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.54±0.81 | 2.38±0.78 | 2.68±0.72* | 2.79±0.90** | 2.69±0.81* |
| apoB (g/L) | 0.82±0.23 | 0.77±0.21 | 0.87±0.20** | 0.92±0.23*** | 0.86±0.26* |
| apoA (g/L) | 1.34±0.23 | 1.35±0.23 | 1.29±0.21* | 1.31±0.23* | 1.33±0.23 |
| LDL-size (nm) (n=479) | 20.8±0.5 | 20.9±0.5 | 20.8±0.5 | 20.5±0.6*** | 20.8±0.6*### |
| HDL-size (nm) | 9.4±0.6 | 9.5±0.6 | 9.1±0.5*** | 9.0±0.6*** | 9.4±0.7*### |
*For comparison to reference group, P values adjusted for age.
†Comparisons to the reference group are by multiple regression adjusted for age, *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, ***p≤0.001.
‡Comparisons of groups 3 and 4 by unpaired t-test, #p≤0.05, ##p≤0.01, ###p≤0.001.
Abnl-GT, abnormal glucose tolerance; apo, apolipoprotein; AUC, area under the curve; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DI, Disposition Index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IR, insulin resistant; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NGT, normal glucose tolerant; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; TG, triglyceride; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; WC, waist circumference.