Distribution of structural and intermediary social determinants of health by diabetic eye examination status
| Social determinant of health | Eye examination during 2-year poststudy enrollment period | ||
| Yes (n=712) n (%) | No (n=780) n (%) | P value | |
| Structural determinants | |||
| No high school degree/general educational development certification or higher | 188 (24) | 173 (24) | 0.9299 |
| Not working (part-time or full-time) | 509 (65) | 464 (65) | 0.9716 |
| Intermediary: social | |||
| Single/separated/divorced/widowed | 650 (83) | 615 (86) | 0.1021 |
| Living with children | 290 (37) | 262 (37) | 0.8788 |
| History of abusive relationship | 245 (31) | 231 (32) | 0.6688 |
| History of being in jail or prison | 246 (32) | 278 (39) | 0.0024 |
| Feeling lonely (good bit/most/all of the time) | 153 (20) | 155 (22) | 0.3045 |
| Intermediary: health behaviors | |||
| No regular doctor for health needs | 53 (7) | 105 (15) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker (daily or less than daily) | 301 (39) | 309 (43) | 0.0591 |
| Drinks alcohol (male >14 drinks/week; female >7 drinks/week) | 26 (3) | 32 (4) | 0.2465 |
| Illicit drugs (not including marijuana) | 24 (3) | 41 (6) | 0.0113 |
| Less physical activity | 344 (44) | 331 (46) | 0.355 |
| Intermediary: financial strain | |||
| Trouble paying phone bill | 614 (79) | 557 (78) | 0.8189 |
| Trouble paying utilities | 547 (70) | 512 (72) | 0.4488 |
| Trouble paying rent/mortgage | 591 (76) | 550 (77) | 0.5014 |
| Social determinant of health | Eye examination during 2-year poststudy enrollment period | ||
| Yes (n=712) n (%) | No (n=780) n (%) | P value | |
| Intermediary: material resources | |||
| No access to car for medical appointments | 424 (54) | 398 (56) | 0.5503 |
| Limited to no internet access | 112 (14) | 112 (16) | 0.4589 |
| Food insecure | 282 (36) | 244 (34) | 0.4467 |
| Intermediary: housing | |||
| Does not live in a house or apartment | 77 (10) | 77 (11) | 0.5499 |
| Poor housing conditions | 115 (15) | 134 (19) | 0.0349 |
| Housing instability | 190 (24) | 198 (28) | 0.1292 |
| Living in same residence for <1 year | 101 (13) | 92 (13) | 0.9874 |