Table 1

HRs (95% CIs) for the association between DKD, and other person characteristics, and risk of all-cause mortality among people with type 2 diabetes

Variable	N	Deaths	Person–years	Mortality rate per 1000 person-years	HR* (95% CI)	P value
Subcohort
Comparison	8416	801	28 222	28.4	1.0 (reference)
DKD	8416	1465	29 128	50.3	1.49 (1.35 to 1.64)	<0.01
Age (years)
<40	282	3	1038	2.9	0.36 (0.11 to 1.18)	0.09
40–49	1240	32	4708	6.8	1.0 (reference)
50–64	5012	317	18 326	17.3	2.29 (1.59 to 3.31)	<0.01
65–74	5624	667	19 631	34.0	4.02 (2.79 to 5.80)	<0.01
75–89	4674	1247	13 646	91.4	8.30 (5.73 to 12.01)	<0.01
Sex
Male	10 502	1408	35 478	39.7	1.0 (reference)
Female	6330	858	21 871	39.2	0.84 (0.77 to 0.92)	<0.01
Smoking
Non-smoker	5434	536	19 914	26.9	1.0 (reference)
Smoker	2204	292	7487	39.0	1.62 (1.39 to 1.88)	<0.01
Ex-smoker	7450	1039	28 048	37.0	1.07 (0.95 to 1.19)	0.26
Missing	1744	399	1901	209.9	7.14 (6.22 to 8.20)	<0.01
Alcohol (units/week)
Non–drinker	3686	554	12 341	44.9	1.0 (reference)
1–2	5528	676	18 116	37.3	0.96 (0.85 to 1.08)	0.47
3–15	4198	537	14 702	36.5	1.00 (0.89 to 1.14)	0.95
16–24	900	95	3211	29.6	0.89 (0.71 to 1.12)	0.33
≥25	1077	138	3719	37.1	1.16 (0.95 to 1.41)	0.14
Missing	1443	266	5261	50.6	1.21 (1.04 to 1.41)	0.01
BMI (kg/m²)
<20	271	112	730	153.4	1.60 (1.30 to 1.98)	<0.01
20–24	2266	492	7282	67.6	1.0 (reference)
25–29	5622	749	19 643	38.1	0.71 (0.63 to 0.80)	<0.01
≥30	8560	873	29 330	29.8	0.72 (0.64 to 0.81)	<0.01
Missing	113	40	364	109.8	1.79 (1.29 to 2.49)	<0.01
Townsend index (quintile)
1st (least deprivation)	3396	412	11 523	35.8	1.0 (reference)
2nd	3446	463	11 578	40.0	1.03 (0.90 to 1.17)	0.70
3rd	3549	481	12 191	39.5	1.08 (0.94 to 1.23)	0.27
4th	3415	501	11 797	42.5	1.10 (0.96 to 1.26)	0.16
5th (most deprivation)	2572	355	8836	40.2	1.07 (0.93 to 1.24)	0.35
Missing	454	54	1424	37.9	0.94 (0.71 to 1.26)	0.69
Glycemic control quality†
Always ≤8%	10 619	1462	36 119	40.5	1.0 (reference)
At some point >8%	4359	478	13 999	34.2	1.06 (0.95 to 1.18)	0.30
Missing	1854	326	7232	45.1	1.14 (1.01 to 1.30)	0.04
Comorbidities
Hypertension	11 563	1639	39 180	41.8	1.02 (0.92 to 1.13)	0.68
Hyperlipemia	5598	717	19 176	37.4	0.90 (0.82 to 0.99)	0.03
Heart failure	944	303	2573	117.8	1.33 (1.15 to 1.54)	<0.01
IHD	3455	693	11 383	60.9	1.18 (1.07 to 1.30)	<0.01
Atrial fibrillation	1607	446	4632	96.3	1.24 (1.10 to 1.40)	<0.01
Cerebrovascular disease	1598	399	4857	82.2	1.35 (1.21 to 1.51)	<0.01
COPD	1466	356	4150	85.8	1.68 (1.49 to 1.89)	<0.01
Peptic ulcer disease	1286	242	4022	60.2	1.10 (0.96 to 1.26)	0.17
Pancreatic disease	283	60	877	68.4	1.30 (1.01 to 1.69)	0.04
Liver disorders	734	111	2074	53.5	1.36 (1.12 to 1.66)	<0.01
Cancer	2584	595	7384	80.6	1.61 (1.46 to 1.78)	<0.01
GP visits†
<12	3619	343	13 698	25.0	1.0 (reference)
12–23	7930	930	27 879	33.4	1.21 (1.06 to 1.37)	<0.01
24–35	3337	524	10 655	49.2	1.27 (1.09 to 1.47)	<0.01
≥36	1946	469	5117	91.7	1.81 (1.53 to 2.15)	<0.01
Referrals to secondary care†
None	2282	312	9292	33.6	1.0 (reference)
1–6	10 079	1216	35 216	34.5	0.94 (0.83 to 1.07)	0.39
≥7	4471	738	12 842	57.5	0.98 (0.84 to 1.15)	0.83
≥1 hospitalization†	3176	627	9311	67.3	1.23 (1.10 to 1.36)	<0.01
Lowest eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)†
≥90	3354	161	10 862	14.8	1.0 (reference)
60–89	7687	870	26 338	33.0	1.09 (0.91 to 1.30)	0.36
45–59	2962	620	10 889	56.9	1.20 (0.99 to 1.46)	0.06
30–44	932	303	2993	101.2	1.62 (1.31 to 2.00)	<0.01
15–29	263	99	714	138.6	2.12 (1.62 to 2.78)	<0.01
<15	47	16	136	117.8	2.02 (1.19 to 3.42)	0.01
Missing	1587	197	5418	36.4	1.20 (0.96 to 1.50)	0.11
Medication use†
ACEI/ARB	11 494	1607	39 075	41.1	0.95 (0.86 to 1.06)	0.37
MRA	493	148	1189	124.4	1.35 (1.11 to 1.63)	<0.01

*Adjusted for all other variables in the table.
†In the year before study entry.
ACEI, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GP, general practitioner; IHD, ischemic heart disease; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.