Table 2

Association between diabetes (and covariates) and edentulism (outcome) estimated by multivariable logistic regression

Characteristic		Overall		Low-income countries		Middle-income countries
Characteristic		OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Diabetes	No	Reference
Diabetes	Yes	1.40***	1.18 to 1.66	1.78**	1.21 to 2.62	1.24*	1.04 to 1.47
Age (years)	Per 1-year increase	1.07***	1.07 to 1.08	1.07***	1.06 to 1.08	1.07***	1.07 to 1.08
Sex	Female	Reference
Sex	Male	0.71***	0.64 to 0.78	0.81*	0.68 to 0.96	0.63***	0.56 to 0.72
Wealth	Poorest	Reference
	Poorer	1.10	0.97 to 1.25	1.28	0.99 to 1.66	1.04	0.90 to 1.20
	Middle	0.95	0.82 to 1.11	1.04	0.76 to 1.42	0.95	0.80 to 1.13
	Richer	1.00	0.86 to 1.16	1.00	0.77 to 1.32	1.04	0.87 to 1.25
	Richest	0.94	0.79 to 1.12	1.21	0.88 to 1.64	0.82	0.66 to 1.01
Education	No formal	Reference
	Primary	1.01	0.88 to 1.16	0.99	0.80 to 1.23	0.85	0.71 to 1.01
	Secondary	0.75**	0.63 to 0.89	1.00	0.77 to 1.31	0.56***	0.45 to 0.70
	Tertiary	0.50***	0.40 to 0.64	0.71	0.43 to 1.15	0.38***	0.29 to 0.50
Smoking	No	Reference
Smoking	Yes	1.20**	1.07 to 1.34	1.22*	1.00 to 1.49	1.21**	1.06 to 1.38
Heavy drinking	No	Reference
Heavy drinking	Yes	0.85	0.66 to 1.10	0.82	0.55 to 1.21	0.90	0.67 to 1.21

Models are mutually adjusted for all variables displayed in the table and country.
*P<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.