Table 2

Meta-analyzed associations of selected plasma N-glycans with type 2 diabetes complications and with type 2 diabetes

Derived traits	Description†	Cardiovascular disease				Nephropathy				Retinopathy				Type 2 diabetes vs healthy controls*
		Prevalent (logistic)		Incident (cox)		Prevalent (logistic)		Incident (cox)		Prevalent (logistic)		Incident (cox)		(logistic)
		OR	p value	HR	p value	OR	p value	HR	p value	OR	p value	HR	p value	OR	p value
Complexity
MHy	Ratio of high-mannose to hybrid glycans.	1.01	0.903	0.99	0.947	0.82	1.20×10⁻³	0.87	0.089	0.79	0.047	0.82	0.292	0.86	0.213
CA2	Relative abundance of A2 glycans within complex-type glycans.	0.92	0.104	0.98	0.947	0.89	0.046	0.99	0.962	1.02	0.921	1.07	0.385	0.85	6.09×10⁻³
CA3	Relative abundance of A3 glycans within complex-type glycans.	1.09	0.104	1.04	0.808	1.12	0.046	1.00	0.998	0.98	0.922	0.92	0.370	1.21	1.39×10⁻³
Fucosylation (F)
A2E0F	In A2 glycans without α2,6-linked sialic acid.	0.86	2.23×10⁻³	0.94	0.718	0.95	0.527	0.99	0.962	0.95	0.543	1.02	0.854	0.76	3.73×10⁻⁶
A2L0F	In A2 glycans without α2,3-linked sialic acid.	0.90	0.049	0.94	0.718	0.96	0.821	0.99	0.962	1.06	0.543	1.10	0.385	0.79	1.94×10⁻⁵
A2S0F	In non-sialylated A2.	0.88	0.013	0.96	0.752	0.94	0.383	1.02	0.962	0.97	0.902	1.01	0.944	0.86	0.010
Bisection (B)
A2FS0B	In fucosylated non-sialylated A2.	1.38	1.34×10⁻¹¹	1.01	0.947	1.18	5.35×10⁻³	1.12	0.229	1.03	0.921	1.06	0.440	1.54	1.98×10⁻¹²
A2F0S0B	In non-fucosylated non-sialylated A2.	1.13	0.180	0.94	0.718	1.15	0.014	1.17	0.282	0.99	0.974	1.10	0.337	1.16	0.011
Galactosylation (G)
A2FS0G	In fucosylated non-sialylated A2.	0.89	0.049	0.89	0.626	0.82	2.09×10⁻³	0.81	0.0110	0.94	0.543	0.87	0.385	0.86	0.014
Sialylation (S)
A4FGS	Per galactose in fucosylated A4.	0.89	0.040	0.91	0.626	0.91	0.320	1.01	0.962	1.00	1.00	0.97	0.854	0.80	1.03×10⁻⁴
A2FGS	Per galactose in fucosylated A2.	1.12	0.041	1.20	0.626	1.21	1.20×10⁻³	1.17	0.047	1.09	0.456	1.09	0.385	1.77	2.65×10⁻⁸
A4S	In A4.	0.93	0.342	0.89	0.626	0.87	0.015	0.95	0.886	1.02	0.922	0.99	0.854	0.74	2.08×10⁻⁷
α2,3-sialylation per antenna (L)
A4F0GL	Per galactose in non-fucosylated A4.	0.83	2.23×10⁻³	0.85	0.368	0.89	0.231	0.88	0.089	0.98	0.921	0.91	0.337	0.68	2.06×10⁻¹⁰
A4L	In A4.	0.82	0.013	0.83	0.353	0.88	0.217	0.89	0.146	1.00	1.00	0.91	0.337	0.64	3.50×10⁻¹³
A3L	In A3.	0.87	0.034	0.88	0.626	0.86	0.010	0.87	0.146	0.99	0.953	0.90	0.337	0.61	5.73×10⁻¹⁴
A2F0GL	Per galactose in non-fucosylated A2.	0.94	0.551	0.96	0.752	0.86	8.44×10⁻³	0.94	6.48×10⁻¹	1.04	0.691	0.96	0.553	0.81	1.18×10⁻⁴
A4FGL	Per galactose in fucosylated A4.	0.89	0.370	0.89	0.626	0.87	0.015	0.98	0.962	1.02	0.921	0.93	0.385	0.67	2.11×10⁻³
A2L	In A2.	1.00	0.974	1.03	0.808	0.88	0.039	0.95	0.680	1.07	0.479	0.96	0.594	0.89	0.102
α2,6-sialylation per antenna (E)
A4F0GE	Per galactose in non-fucosylated A4.	1.25	4.88×10⁻⁶	1.17	0.368	1.06	0.797	1.14	0.089	1.03	0.811	1.10	0.337	1.31	3.73×10⁻⁶
A4E	In A4.	1.23	8.65×10⁻⁴	1.19	0.626	1.09	0.527	1.12	0.154	1.02	0.922	1.11	0.337	1.42	8.76×10⁻⁹
A3E	In A3	1.17	2.23×10⁻³	1.14	0.626	1.28	9.70×10⁻⁶	1.10	0.394	0.92	0.456	1.07	0.385	1.54	1.71×10⁻¹¹
A2FGE	Per galactose in fucosylated A2.	1.05	0.370	1.14	0.718	1.18	3.77×10⁻³	1.15	0.059	1.08	0.456	1.09	0.545	1.72	1.98×10⁻³
A4FGE	Per galactose in fucosylated A4.	1.08	0.682	1.09	0.718	1.12	0.046	1.05	0.851	0.98	0.953	1.09	0.337	1.52	0.094

Selection of glycan traits is based on derived traits that were FDR-significant (p<0.05) at least in one of the complications (basic model: age, sex, age×sex interaction).
Significant associations are marked bold.
*The two utmost right columns show the results of meta-analyzed associations from a logistic regression analysis of the same glycan traits measured in patients with type 2 diabetes versus healthy controls from the DiaGene and Hoorn Diabetes Care System cohorts, as previously reported by Singh et al.21
†Glycan trait description: see abbreviation footnotes.
A2, diantennary; A3, triantennary; C, within complex; FDR, false discovery rate; T, within total.