Maternal characteristics and biochemical data
| Maternal characteristics and biochemical variables | Controls (n=25) | ABX detected (n=12) | P value |
| Age (years) | 30.6±4.85 | 31±5.31 | 0.839 |
| Pre-BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5±4.98 | 21.3±2.0 | 0.442 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 25.7±1.22 | 25.2±1.11 | 0.208 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 107.4±10.0 | 110.7±10.4 | 0.347 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.2 (66～74) | 67.8 (65～70.7) | 0.282 |
| Gravidity | 1.8 (1～2.5) | 2.1 (1.3～3) | 0.184 |
| Parity | 0.5 (0～1) | 0.6 (0～1) | 0.657 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.89 (4.56~4.96) | 4.94 (4.76~4.95) | 0.411 |
| 1 h glucose (mmol/L) | 7.61±2.17 | 7.89±1.15 | 0.746 |
| 2 h glucose (mmol/L) | 6.69±2.11 | 6.09±0.60 | 0.335 |
| HbA1c (mmol/L) | 4.94±0.57 | 4.99±0.44 | 0.773 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/L) | 50.1 (33.1～62.1) | 52.4 (34.3～63.0) | 0.546 |
| 1 h insulin (μU/L) | 319.0±170.7 | 397.7±139.1 | 0.176 |
| 2 h insulin (μU/L) | 279.1±159.2 | 208.2±68.8 | 0.152 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.56 (0.99～2.01) | 1.65 (1.01～2.18) | 0.535 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 2.71±0.84 | 2.24±0.77 | 0.114 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.38±1.07 | 5.64±1.11 | 0.064 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 2.05 (1.72～2.15) | 2.01 (1.68～2.31) | 0.687 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.13±0.89 | 2.69±1.01 | 0.184 |
Clinical characteristics, biochemical and hormonal variables of antibiotic exposure and normal healthy pregnant women at 24~28 weeks’ gestation are presented as mean±SEM when normally distributed or median with 25–75th IQR when non-normal distributed. Statistically significant difference between the GDM and normoglycemic women group are highlighted (*p<0.05, **p<0.01). HOMA-IR, HOMA-IR=FPG (mmol/L) × FINS (μU/mL)/22.5.
ABX, antibiotics; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FINS, fasting insulin levels; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.