Nested long-term cohort (1-year PP)
| (A) Before pregnancy (n=162) | (B) Early PP visit (n=162) | (C) Late PP visit (n=162) | Overall comparison (p value) | B versus A (p value) | C versus A (p value) | C versus B (p value) | |
| Weight (kg) | 70.1±14.2 | 74.6±13.7 | 74.1±16.6 | 0.61 | 0.016 | 0.03 | 0.97 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | – | 94.6±9.8 | 91.8±12.4 | – | – | – | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2±4.9 | 27.9±4.7 | 27.7±5.8 | 0.546 | 0.008 | 0.018 | 0.96 |
| BMI category (kg/m2) | |||||||
| Normal (< 25.0 kg/m2) | 78 (48.1) | 46 (28.4) | 64 (39.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 52 (32.1) | 69 (42.6) | 46 (28.4) | ||||
| Obesity (≥ 30.0 kg/m2) | 32 (19.8) | 47 (29.0) | 52 (32.1) | ||||
| Metabolic syndrome | |||||||
| WC defined | – | 35 (21.6) | 50 (32.1) | – | – | – | <0.001 |
| BMI defined | 13 (8.0) | 26 (16.0) | |||||
| OGTT (mmol/L) | |||||||
| T0 | 5.0±0.6 | 5.5±0.7 | – | – | – | <0.001 | |
| T120 min | 5.3±1.7 | – | |||||
| HbA1c | |||||||
| % | – | 5.3±0.4 | 5.4±0.4 | – | – | – | 0.96 |
| mmol/mol | 34.0±4.4 | 36.0±4.4 | |||||
| Pre-diabetes | – | 42 (25.9) | 76 (47.2) | – | – | – | 0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||||
| Systolic | – | 112.3±11.8 | 114.4±11.1 | – | – | – | 0.33 |
| Diastolic | 72.0±8.2 | 72.3±9.4 | 0.99 | ||||
| Lipids (mmol/L) | |||||||
| Total cholesterol | – | 5.2±1.0 | 4.4±0.8 | – | – | – | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 3.1±0.9 | 2.5±0.7 | <0.001 | ||||
| HDL-cholesterol | 1.5±0.4 | 1.4±0.4 | 0.022 | ||||
| Triglycerides | 1.3±0.7 | 1.2±0.7 | 0.076 | ||||
Data are presented as mean±SD or as n (%).
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PP, postpartum; WC, waist circumference.