Table 1

Changes from baseline to 13 months for the WL and GEM groups, and statistical significance for changes from baseline, both within and between groups

Variables	M(SD) baseline to 13 months ∆		P value level
Variables	WL	GEM	WL versus GEM	WL	GEM
Sample size	36	123
Primary outcome variables
HbA1c (% and (mmol/mol))	−0.2±1.3 (−2.2±14.2)	−0.5±1.4 (−5.5±15.3)	0.33	0.33	<0.001*
Secondary outcome variables
% cardiovascular risk (UKPDS-OM2)	0.6±4.7	−0.7±6.5	0.21	0.47	0.26
Diabetes empowerment	−1.3±6.0	2.2±5.7	0.005*	0.28	<0.001*
Diabetes distress (emotional)	0.1±0.9	−0.3±1.0	0.21	0.76	0.009*
Diabetes distress (regimen)	−0.4±1.0	−0.4±1.3	0.93	0.03	0.001*
Depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9)	−0.2±4.2	−0.4±3.9	0.60	0.79	0.22
Side effect variables
LDL (mmol/L)	0±0.6346	−0.0647±0.8012	0.65	1.00	0.401
HDL (mmol/L)	0.0345±0.1579	0.0723±0.1726	0.24	0.20	<0.001*
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.1581±0.5269	−0.0761±1.593	0.89	0.08	0.61
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	0.1092±0.6419	0.0011±0.9714	0.73	0.31	0.99
Mechanism variables
Diabetes knowledge	0.3±2.6	2.5±2.7	<0.001*	0.57	<0.001*
Body mass index (BMI)	−0.9±1.4	−1±1.6	0.56	0.001*	<0.001*
Carbohydrates Routinely Consumed (servings)	−1.8±16.3	−13.3±19	<0.01*	0.57	<0.001*
SMBG readings (30 days)	2.4±22.5	12.6±31.8	0.18	0.53	<0.001*
Glucose Monitor Satisfaction Survey (GMSS)	0.9±0.6	0.3±0.5	0.04	0.44	<0.001*
Medication Effect Score (MES)	0.1±0.5	0±0.6	0.24	0.11	0.44

*P value levels were calculated with a false discovery rate of 0.05.
GEM, glycemic excursion minimization; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose; UKPDS-OM2, UK Prospective Diabetes Study Outcomes Model 2; WL, weight loss.