Factors associated with conversion of diabetes mellitus: a univariate Cox regression analysis
Factor | Time at risk | Number of event | Incidence rate/ 100 patient-years | HR | 95% CI |
FPG (mg/dL) | |||||
100–109 | 15 080 | 398 | 2.64 | 1 | |
110–125 | 6205 | 297 | 4.79 | 1.74 | 1.50 to 2.02 |
HbA1c (%) | |||||
<5.7 | 5110 | 20 | 0.39 | 1 | |
5.7–6.49 | 16 175 | 675 | 4.17 | 10.43 | 6.68 to 16.26 |
Combined FPG (mg/dL) and HbA1c (%) | |||||
100–109 and <5.7 | 4160 | 10 | 0.24 | 1 | |
110–125 and <5.7 | 951 | 10 | 1.05 | 4.20 | 1.75 to 10.09 |
100–109 and 5.7–6.49 | 10 920 | 388 | 3.55 | 14.53 | 7.76 to 27.22 |
110–125 and 5.7–6.49 | 5254 | 287 | 5.46 | 21.50 | 11.44 to 40.39 |
Age at diagnosis pre-diabetes (years) | |||||
<65 | 16 669 | 541 | 3.25 | 1 | |
65–75 | 3963 | 123 | 3.10 | 0.997 | 0.82 to 1.21 |
≥75 | 653 | 31 | 4.75 | 1.628 | 1.13 to 2.34 |
Sex | |||||
Male | 7213 | 225 | 3.12 | 1 | |
Female | 14 072 | 470 | 3.34 | 1.07 | 0.91 to 1.25 |
Educational level | |||||
Non-educated | 571 | 30 | 5.26 | 1 | |
Primary school | 7090 | 232 | 3.27 | 0.59 | 0.40 to 0.86 |
Secondary school | 6093 | 209 | 3.43 | 0.63 | 0.43 to 0.92 |
College or higher | 7532 | 224 | 2.97 | 0.56 | 0.38 to 0.81 |
Reimbursement | |||||
UHC | 375 | 13 | 3.47 | 1 | |
SSS | 1963 | 82 | 4.18 | 1.16 | 0.65 to 2.09 |
Civil servant | 12 785 | 402 | 3.14 | 0.87 | 0.50 to 1.51 |
Other | 6162 | 198 | 3.21 | 0.88 | 0.50 to 1.55 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
<23 | 4691 | 108 | 2.30 | 1 | |
23–27.5 | 9519 | 289 | 3.00 | 1.33 | 1.04 to 1.71 |
≥27.5 | 7074 | 299 | 4.20 | 1.90 | 1.48 to 2.43 |
Family history of DM | |||||
No | 12 993 | 384 | 2.96 | 1 | |
Yes | 8292 | 311 | 3.75 | 1.30 | 1.12 to 1.51 |
Smoking status | |||||
Never | 16 270 | 536 | 3.29 | 1 | |
Past | 4282 | 131 | 3.06 | 0.95 | 0.78 to 1.14 |
Current | 733 | 28 | 3.82 | 1.27 | 0.87 to 1.85 |
Alcohol drinking | |||||
Never | 11 720 | 391 | 3.34 | 1 | |
Past | 5711 | 175 | 3.06 | 0.91 | 0.76 to 1.09 |
Current | 3854 | 129 | 3.35 | 1.04 | 0.85 to 1.27 |
Berlin category I ≥2 | |||||
No | 12 857 | 379 | 2.95 | 1 | |
Yes | 8427 | 316 | 3.75 | 1.27 | 1.10 to 1.48 |
Blood pressure | |||||
Normal BP* and no HT* | 4232 | 112 | 2.70 | 1 | |
Well-controlled BP* with HT and/or antihypertensive drugs | 7947 | 240 | 3.00 | 1.09 | 0.85 to 1.38 |
High BP† with or without HT | 9106 | 342 | 3.80 | 1.33 | 1.05 to 1.68 |
Hyperuricemia | |||||
No‡ | 15 286 | 448 | 2.90 | 1 | |
Yes§ | 5999 | 247 | 4.10 | 1.40 | 1.19 to 1.64 |
Triglyceride | |||||
<150 mg/dL | 14 029 | 398 | 2.83 | 1 | |
≥150 mg/dL | 7255 | 297 | 4.10 | 1.45 | 1.24 to 1.70 |
LDL-cholesterol | |||||
<130 mg/dL | 13 108 | 429 | 3.30 | 1 | |
≥130 mg/dL | 8177 | 266 | 3.30 | 1.03 | 0.89 to 1.21 |
HDL-cholesterol | |||||
<40 in male, <50 in female | 6119 | 251 | 4.10 | 1 | |
≥40 in male, ≥50 in female | 15 165 | 444 | 2.90 | 0.70 | 0.60 to 0.82 |
*Systolic BP <140 mm Hg and diastolic BP <90 mm Hg.
†Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic 90 mm Hg.
‡Serum uric acid <6 mg/dL in female and<7.2 in male
§Serum uric acid ≥6 mg/dL in female and ≥7.2 mg/dL in male.
BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HR, hazard ratio; HT, hypertension; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SSS, social security scheme; UHC, universal healthcare coverage.