Table 2

Factors associated with conversion of diabetes mellitus: a univariate Cox regression analysis

Factor	Time at risk	Number of event	Incidence rate/ 100 patient-years	HR	95% CI
FPG (mg/dL)
100–109	15 080	398	2.64	1
110–125	6205	297	4.79	1.74	1.50 to 2.02
HbA1c (%)
<5.7	5110	20	0.39	1
5.7–6.49	16 175	675	4.17	10.43	6.68 to 16.26
Combined FPG (mg/dL) and HbA1c (%)
100–109 and <5.7	4160	10	0.24	1
110–125 and <5.7	951	10	1.05	4.20	1.75 to 10.09
100–109 and 5.7–6.49	10 920	388	3.55	14.53	7.76 to 27.22
110–125 and 5.7–6.49	5254	287	5.46	21.50	11.44 to 40.39
Age at diagnosis pre-diabetes (years)
<65	16 669	541	3.25	1
65–75	3963	123	3.10	0.997	0.82 to 1.21
≥75	653	31	4.75	1.628	1.13 to 2.34
Sex
Male	7213	225	3.12	1
Female	14 072	470	3.34	1.07	0.91 to 1.25
Educational level
Non-educated	571	30	5.26	1
Primary school	7090	232	3.27	0.59	0.40 to 0.86
Secondary school	6093	209	3.43	0.63	0.43 to 0.92
College or higher	7532	224	2.97	0.56	0.38 to 0.81
Reimbursement
UHC	375	13	3.47	1
SSS	1963	82	4.18	1.16	0.65 to 2.09
Civil servant	12 785	402	3.14	0.87	0.50 to 1.51
Other	6162	198	3.21	0.88	0.50 to 1.55
Body mass index (kg/m²)
<23	4691	108	2.30	1
23–27.5	9519	289	3.00	1.33	1.04 to 1.71
≥27.5	7074	299	4.20	1.90	1.48 to 2.43
Family history of DM
No	12 993	384	2.96	1
Yes	8292	311	3.75	1.30	1.12 to 1.51
Smoking status
Never	16 270	536	3.29	1
Past	4282	131	3.06	0.95	0.78 to 1.14
Current	733	28	3.82	1.27	0.87 to 1.85
Alcohol drinking
Never	11 720	391	3.34	1
Past	5711	175	3.06	0.91	0.76 to 1.09
Current	3854	129	3.35	1.04	0.85 to 1.27
Berlin category I ≥2
No	12 857	379	2.95	1
Yes	8427	316	3.75	1.27	1.10 to 1.48
Blood pressure
Normal BP* and no HT*	4232	112	2.70	1
Well-controlled BP* with HT and/or antihypertensive drugs	7947	240	3.00	1.09	0.85 to 1.38
High BP† with or without HT	9106	342	3.80	1.33	1.05 to 1.68
Hyperuricemia
No‡	15 286	448	2.90	1
Yes§	5999	247	4.10	1.40	1.19 to 1.64
Triglyceride
<150 mg/dL	14 029	398	2.83	1
≥150 mg/dL	7255	297	4.10	1.45	1.24 to 1.70
LDL-cholesterol
<130 mg/dL	13 108	429	3.30	1
≥130 mg/dL	8177	266	3.30	1.03	0.89 to 1.21
HDL-cholesterol
<40 in male, <50 in female	6119	251	4.10	1
≥40 in male, ≥50 in female	15 165	444	2.90	0.70	0.60 to 0.82

*Systolic BP <140 mm Hg and diastolic BP <90 mm Hg.
†Systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic 90 mm Hg.
‡Serum uric acid <6 mg/dL in female and<7.2 in male
§Serum uric acid ≥6 mg/dL in female and ≥7.2 mg/dL in male.
BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HR, hazard ratio; HT, hypertension; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SSS, social security scheme; UHC, universal healthcare coverage.