Characteristics | Total N=3011 | FPG 100–109 mg/dL and HbA1c <5.7% (N=223) | FPG 100–109 mg/dL and HbA1c 5.7%–6.49% (N=456) | FPG 110–125 mg/dL and HbA1c <5.7% (N=68) | FPG 110–125 mg/dL and HbA1c 5.7%–6.49% (N=209) |
Age at enrollment (year): mean (SD) | 64.1 (9.25) | 59.4 (9.51) | 62.0 (8.45) | 60.5 (8.62) | 61.4 (9.17) |
Female: frequency (%) | 1985 (65.92) | 140 (62.78) | 310 (67.98) | 36 (52.94) | 137 (65.55) |
Duration of pre-diabetes at date of enrollment (year); median (range) | 4.91 (0.25–23.47) | 2.55 (0.50–3.91) | 2.78 (0.52–4.18) | 2.58 (0.65–3.67) | 2.47 (0.38–3.98) |
Educational level: frequency (%) | |||||
Lower than primary school | 82 (2.73) | 4 (1.79) | 11 (2.42) | 0 (0) | 7 (3.35) |
Primary school | 971 (32.35) | 69 (30.94) | 129 (28.35) | 24 (35.29) | 66 (31.58) |
Secondary school | 864 (28.78) | 70 (31.39) | 130 (28.57) | 18 (26.47) | 57 (27.27) |
College or higher | 1085 (36.14) | 80 (35.87) | 185 (40.66) | 26 (38.24) | 79 (37.80) |
Marital status: frequency (%) | |||||
Single | 368 (12.24) | 29 (13.0) | 59 (12.94) | 8 (11.76) | 21 (10.10) |
Married | 2094 (69.66) | 160 (71.75) | 310 (67.98) | 53 (77.94) | 153 (73.56) |
Divorce | 228 (7.58) | 15 (6.73) | 40 (8.77) | 1 (1.47) | 20 (9.62) |
Widow | 316 (10.51) | 19 (8.52) | 47 (10.31) | 6 (8.82) | 14 (6.73) |
Reimbursement: frequency (%) | |||||
Universal healthcare coverage | 55 (1.84) | 8 (3.64) | 7 (1.55) | 0 (0) | 9 (4.33) |
Social security scheme | 284 (9.52) | 27 (12.27) | 41 (9.07) | 5 (7.69) | 20 (9.62) |
Civil servant | 1777 (59.55) | 126 (57.27) | 274 (60.62) | 40 (61.54) | 127 (61.06) |
Others | 868 (29.09) | 59 (26.82) | 130 (28.76) | 20 (30.77) | 52 (25.0) |
Smoking status: frequency (%) | |||||
Never | 2278 (75.66) | 166 (74.44) | 351 (76.97) | 46 (67.65) | 9 (4.31) |
Past smoker | 613 (20.36) | 46 (20.63) | 87 (19.08) | 16 (23.53) | 47 (22.49) |
Current smoker | 120 (3.99) | 11 (4.93) | 18 (3.95) | 6 (8.82) | 153 (73.21) |
Alcohol drinking: frequency (%) | |||||
Never | 1625 (54.02) | 110 (49.55) | 255 (55.92) | 31 (45.59) | 99 (47.37) |
Past drinking | 796 (26.46) | 56 (25.23) | 111 (24.34) | 22 (32.35) | 64 (30.62) |
Current drinking | 587 (19.51) | 56 (25.23) | 90 (19.74) | 15 (22.06) | 46 (20.01) |
Having family history of diabetes mellitus | 1205 (40.03) | 83 (37.22) | 202 (44.30) | 20 (29.41) | 96 (46.15) |
Underlying diseases: frequency (%) | |||||
Hypertension | 2044 (68.09) | 123 (55.16) | 297 (65.71) | 43 (63.24) | 132 (63.46) |
Dyslipidemia | 2665 (88.74) | 182 (81.61) | 398 (87.86) | 55 (80.88) | 182 (87.50) |
Chronic kidney disease | 123 (4.10) | 6 (2.69) | 21 (4.65) | 5 (7.35) | 9 (4.33) |
Coronary artery disease | 16 (0.53) | 1 (0.45) | 2 (0.44) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.96) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 38 (1.27) | 4 (1.79) | 6 (1.33) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.44) |
Fatty liver | 118 (3.93) | 12 (5.38) | 22 (4.87) | 2 (2.94) | 11 (5.29) |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | 16 (0.81) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.29) | 0 (0) | 5 (3.65) |
Cancer | 54 (2.73) | 6 (4.29) | 7 (2.29) | 1 (2.78) | 5 (3.68) |
Berlin category I ≥2: frequency (%) | 1203 (39.95) | 43 (30.71) | 111 (35.81) | 10 (27.78) | 52 (37.96) |
Body mass index (kg/m2): mean (SD) | 26.28 (4.01) | 26.33 (4.22) | 26.48 (4.09) | 25.72 (3.76) | 26.75 (4.36) |
Waist circumference (cm): mean (SD) | |||||
Male | 93.27 (9.42) | 91.79 (9.62) | 94.45 (9.36) | 91.64 (10.91) | 93.99 (11.48) |
Female | 88.68 (9.81) | 86.49 (11.41) | 88.01 (9.83) | 88.60 (9.10) | 90.57 (10.15) |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg): mean (SD) | 137.09 (14.07) | 134.45 (12.94) | 136.48 (13.89) | 136.80 (12.30) | 136.92 (13.72) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg): mean (SD) | 76.99 (6.31) | 77.87 (6.38) | 77.54 (5.95) | 78.59 (6.53) | 77.71 (6.55) |
Serum triglyceride level (mg/dL): mean (SD) | 136.95 (61.36) | 136.68 (58.41) | 137.03 (62.29) | 149.7 (76.89) | 135.15 (51.74) |
Serum uric acid (mg/dL): mean (SD) | |||||
Male | 6.43 (1.17) | 6.51 (1.37) | 6.43 (1.10) | 5.81 (1.63) | 6.59 (1.20) |
Female | 5.36 (1.19) | 5.10 (1.12) | 5.31 (1.04) | 5.23 (1.07) | 5.29 (1.25) |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL): mean (SD) | 122.77 (23.19) | 124.60 (26.46) | 124.51 (23.20) | 121.83 (24.51) | 126.12 (23.14) |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL): mean (SD) | |||||
Male | 49.11 (10.78) | 49.48 (11.46) | 47.96 (10.12) | 50.25 (9.42) | 46.95 (9.45) |
Female | 56.15 (12.39) | 56.22 (12.21) | 56.23 (11.54) | 56.43 (13.36) | 54.86 (12.77) |
FPG (mg/dL): mean (SD) | 107.18 (5.61) | 104.14 (2.67) | 104.09 (2.60) | 113.61 (3.35) | 114.65 (4.11) |
HbA1c (%): mean (SD) | 5.89 (0.39) | 5.41 (0.34) | 6.02 (0.22) | 5.38 (0.26) | 6.06 (0.23) |
FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.