Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
| Patient characteristics | Total n=74 |
| Mean age in years (SD) | 40.6±14.2 |
| Gender, n (%) | |
| Male | 44 (59.5) |
| Female | 30 (40.5) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |
| White | 61 (82.4) |
| Black | 4 (5.4) |
| Asian | 3 (4.1) |
| Mixed | 6 (8.1) |
| Mean BMI kg/m2 (SD) | 25.5±4.2 |
| Mean T1DM duration in years (SD) | 18.3 (±10.9) |
| Mean HbA1c at assessment (SD) | 68 (±14.5) mmol/mol (8.4±1.3, %) |
| HbA1c range | 44–110 mmol/mol (6.2–12.2, %) |
| Mean insulin requirement and dose at assessment, (SD) | |
| Insulin requirement (0.6 units per kg body weight) | 46.3±8.5 |
| Total insulin dose | 49.8±18.1 |
| Total basal insulin | 26.5±10.9 |
| Total bolus insulin | 23.8±9.3 |
| Needle length, n (%) | |
| 4 mm | 29 (39.1) |
| 5 mm | 24 (32.4) |
| 6 mm | 17 (23) |
| 8 mm | 3 (4.1) |
| 12.7 mm | 1 (1.4) |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus.