Patient characteristics at time of cohort entry
| Characteristic | Finding (n=549 041)* |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 61.0 (14.3) |
| Age category (years) | |
| 18–39 | 44 461 (8.1) |
| 40–64 | 281 670 (51.3) |
| 65–74 | 128 703 (23.4) |
| ≥75 | 94 207 (17.2) |
| Female sex | 279 116 (50.8) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 416 803 (75.8) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 77 563 (14.1) |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 17 738 (3.2) |
| Hispanic | 27 979 (5.1) |
| Missing | 9678 (1.8) |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 7.5 (1.9) |
| HbA1c category | |
| <6.0% | 37 323 (6.8) |
| 6.0%–6.9% | 116 996 (21.3) |
| 7.0%–7.9% | 63 569 (11.6) |
| 8.0%–8.9% | 28 766 (5.2) |
| ≥9.0% | 50 844 (9.3) |
| Missing | 251 503 (45.8) |
| BMI†, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 33.7 (8.2) |
| Number of diabetes medications | |
| 0 | 286 448 (52.2) |
| 1 | 164 984 (30.1) |
| 2 | 69 079 (12.6) |
| ≥3 | 28 530 (5.2) |
| Diabetes medication class used | |
| Metformin | 166 403 (30.3) |
| Sulfonylurea | 73 126 (13.3) |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 1042 (0.2) |
| Meglitinide | 3513 (0.6) |
| Thiazolidinedione | 15 213 (2.8) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 28 254 (5.2) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 9223 (1.7) |
| SGLT-2 inhibitor | 7262 (1.3) |
| Insulin | 91 073 (16.6) |
| High hypoglycemia risk medication use‡ | 149 321 (27.2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 80 377 (14.6) |
| Cognitive impairment | 17 415 (3.2) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 136 857 (24.9) |
| Clinical site label | |
| Site A | 241 997 (44.1) |
| Site B | 119 251 (21.7) |
| Site C | 64 660 (11.8) |
| Site D | 55 209 (10.1) |
| Site E | 38 264 (7.0) |
| Site F | 29 660 (5.4) |
| Rural-urban commuting area | |
| Rural | 29 582 (5.4) |
| Urban | 451 430 (82.2) |
| Missing | 68 029 (12.4) |
*All data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
†144 081 (26.2%) missing values.
‡Sulfonylurea, meglitinide, or insulin.
BMI, body mass index; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose transport protein 2.