Clinical characteristics of the study subjects
| MBBO | All (n=435) | MBBO <25 (n=79) | 25≤ MBBO <30 (n=175) | 30≤ MBBO (n=181) | P value |
| Age (years) | 63 (51~72) | 67 (61～74) | 65 (58～74) | 56 (45～67) | <0.0001 |
| Sex (M/F) | 262/173 | 48/31 | 103/72 | 111/70 | 0.89 |
| Age at diagnosis of T2DM (years) | 50 (42~60) | 56 (47～64) | 53 (45～61) | 44 (36～53) | <0.0001 |
| Duration (years) | 10 (2~18) | 10 (2～19) | 11 (2～19) | 10 (3～18) | 0.92 |
| BMI on admission (kg/m2) | 25.0 (22.3~28.5) | 21.0 (18.7～22.1) | 24.0 (22.4～25.5) | 29.0 (26.3～32.3) | <0.0001 |
| MBBO (kg/m2) | 28.8 (25.8~33.1) | 23.2 (21.8～24.3) | 27.1 (26.2～28.6) | 34.1 (31.6～38.0) | <0.0001 |
| Age at MBBO (years) | 38 (28~50) | 35 (20～50) | 40 (30～52) | 34 (25～42) | <0.0001 |
| Δyear (years) | 22 (11~33) | 29 (15～43) | 21 (11～33) | 21 (10~31) | 0.0002 |
| Family history | 237 (55.0) | 40 (50.6) | 98 (56.6) | 99 (55.3) | 0.67 |
| Smoking history | 225 (54.2) | 44 (59.5) | 92 (55.4) | 89 (50.9) | 0.42 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.5 (7.8~9.9) | 8.2 (7.5～9.9) | 8.4 (7.7～9.7) | 8.8 (8.0～10.5) | 0.0122 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 70 (62~85) | 66 (58～85) | 68 (61～83) | 73 (64～91) | 0.0122 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.2 (6.3~8.4) | 7.3 (6.1～8.3) | 7.4 (6.4～8.6) | 7.1 (6.1～8.4) | 0.74 |
| CPI | 1.1 (0.76~1.7) | 0.79 (0.48～1.1) | 1.1 (0.78～1.6) | 1.3 (0.86～2.1) | <0.0001 |
| Advanced retinopathy | 116 (26.8) | 16 (20.3) | 38 (21.8) | 62 (34.4) | 0.0097 |
| Advanced nephropathy | 72 (16.6) | 7 (8.9) | 19 (10.9) | 46 (25.4) | 0.0002 |
| Neuropathy | 178 (40.9) | 32 (40.5) | 70 (40.0) | 84 (46.4) | 0.19 |
| History of CVD | 91 (20.9) | 12 (15.2) | 42 (24.0) | 37 (20.4) | 0.27 |
| Hypertension | 251 (57.7) | 35 (44.3) | 98 (56.0) | 118 (65.2) | 0.0062 |
| Dyslipidemia | 258 (59.3) | 39 (49.4) | 113 (64.6) | 106 (58.6) | 0.071 |
| Hyperuricemia | 101 (23.3) | 12 (15.2) | 36 (20.6) | 63 (34.8) | 0.024 |
| Medication before admission | |||||
| Sulfonylurea | 167 (38.4) | 34 (43.0) | 70 (40.0) | 63 (34.8) | 0.38 |
| Glinide | 14 (3.2) | 1 (1.3) | 5 (2.9) | 8 (4.4) | 0.39 |
| Biguanide | 103 (23.7) | 11 (13.9) | 34 (19.4) | 58 (32.0) | 0.0015 |
| TZD | 35 (8.0) | 5 (6.3) | 13 (7.4) | 17 (9.4) | 0.65 |
| α-GI | 75 (17.2) | 10 (12.7) | 36 (20.6) | 29 (16.0) | 0.26 |
| DPP-4i | 153 (35.2) | 33 (41.8) | 55 (31.4) | 65 (35.9) | 0.27 |
| SGLT2i | 10 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 9 (5.0) | 0.0069 |
| GLP-1RA | 18 (4.1) | 1 (1.3) | 3 (1.7) | 14 (7.7) | 0.0063 |
| Insulin | 117 (26.9) | 19 (24.1) | 44 (25.1) | 54 (29.8) | 0.50 |
| No medication | 90 (20.7) | 16 (20.3) | 39 (22.3) | 35 (19.3) | 0.79 |
| Medication at evaluation | |||||
| Insulin secretagogues | 63 (14.5) | 9 (11.4) | 23 (13.1) | 31 (17.1) | 0.39 |
| NPH or LAI | 195 (44.8) | 31 (39.2) | 65 (37.1) | 99 (54.7) | 0.0021 |
Data are reported as the mean±SD, median (IQR) or n (%), unless otherwise indicated. Comparisons among the three groups divided by MBBO were performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test or the χ2 test for data presented as the median (IQR) or n (%), respectively. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
The insulin secretagogues were sulfonylureas, glinides, DPP-4is and GLP-1RAs.
BMI, body mass index; CPI, C-peptide index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DPP-4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; F, female; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LAI, long-acting insulin; M, male; MBBO, maximum BMI before onset; NPH, neutral protamine Hagedorn; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TZD, thiazolidinedione; α-GI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor.