Participant characteristics
| Reference | Number | Sex (M/F) | Age (years) | Diabetes type | Diabetes duration (years) | Neuropathy (%) |
| Arshad et al23 | 105 | 44/61 | 50.90±11.53 | Type 2 | 3 (0–23) | 100 |
| Bax et al24 | 100 | 58/42 | 57±8 | Type 1: 8, type 2: 92 | 12±7 | 100 |
| Bril et al34 | 42 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 100 |
| Chew et al35 | 17 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Domínguez-Muñoz et al25 | 90 | 56/34 | 65.64±8.65 | Type 2 | 9.96±8.83 | NR |
| Gentile et al36 | 26 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 58 |
| Guy et al37 | 20 | Group 1 (DPN and ulcer): 5/5 Group 2 (Charcot joints): 4/8 Group 3 (autonomic neuropathy): 5/5 Group 4 (painful neuropathy): 6/9 | Group 1 (DPN and ulcer): 42.5 (35–52) Group 2 (Charcot Joints): 36.9 (26–55) Group 3 (autonomic neuropathy): 31.7 (24–43) Group 4 (painful neuropathy): 35.9 (20–52) | Group 1 (DPN and ulcer): type 1: 7, type 2: 3 Group 2 (Charcot joints): type 1: 12 Group 3 (autonomic neuropathy): type 1: 10 group 4 (painful neuropathy): type 1: 14, type 2: 1 | Group 1 (DPN and ulcer): 16.4 (7–30) Group 2 (Charcot joints): 21.7 (12–37) Group 3 (autonomic neuropathy): 15.5 (8–26) Group 4 (painful neuropathy): 14.7 (3–42) | 100 |
| Hirschfeld et al38 | 88 | 46/42 | NR | Type 1 | 54.34±18.08 | NR |
| Lanting et al26 | 50 (inter) MF and VPT 44 (intra) MF and VPT 24 (Intra and Inter) TF | 33/17 15/9 | M: 72±11, F: 73±7, M: 72±7, F: 70±9 | Type 2 | NR | 17 4 |
| Lasca et al27 | 60 | Group A (DM+ulcer on one foot) 22/8 Group B (DM nil ulcer) 17/13 | Group A (DM+ulcer on one foot) mean=60 Group B (DM nil ulcer) mean=59 | Group A (DM+ulcer on one foot) type 1: 5, type 2: 25 Group B (DM nil ulcer) type 1: 5, type 2: 25 | Group A (DM+ulcer on one foot) 16.83 Group B (DM nil ulcer) 14.80 | 100 |
| Louraki et al (2013)32 | 118 | 58/60 | 13.5±3.4 (range: 8–20) | Type 1 | 5.7±3.5 (range: 2–16) | 3 |
| Maser et al39 | 52 | NR | Range: 25–34 | NR | NR | 100 |
| Paisley et al33 | 16 | NR | NR | Type 1 and 2 | NR | NR |
| Smieja et al28 | 200 | 142/58 | 63 (range: 18–89) | NR | Range 2 weeks–63 years | NR |
| Tentolouris et al29 | 100 | 57/43 | 62.3±12.5 | Type 1: 30, Type 2: 70 | NR | 37.5 |
| van Deursen et al30 | 15 | 9/6 | 62.1±8.4 | NR | NR | 100 |
| Young et al (1992)31 | 85 | 60/15 | Mean=61 (range: 21–82) | Type 1: 26, Type 2: 59 | Mean=12 (range: 1–26) | NR |
Age and diabetes duration are reported as mean±SD unless otherwise stated.
DM, diabetes mellitus; DPN, diabetes-related peripheral neuropathy; MF, monofilament; NR, not reported; TF, tuning fork; VPT, vibration perception threshold.