Baseline characteristics of SEED participants stratified by ethnicity and incident CKD status
| Variable | Chinese | Malays | Indians | ||||||
| No CKD (n=2097) | CKD (n=137) | P value* | No CKD (n=1326) | CKD (n=148) | P value* | No CKD (n=1764) | CKD (n=108) | P value* | |
| Age, year | 56.7 (8.2) | 67.1 (8) | <0.001 | 54.3 (9.1) | 63.2 (8) | <0.001 | 54.8 (8.2) | 65.7 (8) | <0.001 |
| Gender, N (%) | <0.001 | 0.118 | 0.692 | ||||||
| Female | 1097 (95.8) | 48 (4.2) | 735 (91.1) | 72 (8.9) | 875 (94.5) | 51 (5.5) | |||
| Male | 1000 (91.8) | 89 (8.2) | 591 (88.6) | 76 (11.4) | 889 (94) | 57 (6) | |||
| Education†, N (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Primary/below | 966 (91.5) | 90 (8.5) | 806 (87.4) | 116 (12.6) | 861 (92.3) | 72 (7.7) | |||
| Secondary/above | 1131 (96) | 47 (4) | 520 (94.2) | 32 (5.8) | 903 (96.2) | 36 (3.8) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus, N (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1820 (95.8) | 79 (4.2) | 1028 (93.6) | 70 (6.4) | 1209 (97.1) | 36 (2.9) | |||
| Yes | 277 (82.7) | 58 (17.3) | 298 (79.3) | 78 (20.7) | 555 (88.5) | 72 (11.5) | |||
| Hypertension, N (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1018 (98.3) | 18 (1.7) | 572 (98.3) | 10 (1.7) | 862 (98.4) | 14 (1.6) | |||
| Yes | 1079 (90.1) | 119 (9.9) | 754 (84.5) | 138 (15.5) | 902 (90.6) | 94 (9.4) | |||
| Current smoking, N (%) | 0.694 | 0.585 | 0.474 | ||||||
| No | 1828 (93.9) | 118 (6.1) | 1064 (89.7) | 122 (10.3) | 1516 (94) | 96 (6) | |||
| Yes | 269 (93.4) | 19 (6.6) | 262 (91) | 26 (9) | 248 (95.4) | 12 (4.6) | |||
| Dyslipidemia, N (%) | <0.001 | 0.020 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1206 (95.9) | 52 (4.1) | 843 (91.4) | 79 (8.6) | 1005 (96.3) | 39 (3.7) | |||
| Yes | 891 (91.3) | 85 (8.7) | 483 (87.5) | 69 (12.5) | 759 (91.7) | 69 (8.3) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, N (%) | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 2008 (94.6) | 115 (5.4) | 1245 (90.7) | 128 (9.3) | 1594 (95.2) | 81 (4.8) | |||
| Yes | 89 (80.2) | 22 (19.8) | 81 (80.2) | 20 (19.8) | 170 (86.3) | 27 (13.7) | |||
| Obesity, N (%) | 0.003 | 0.064 | 1.000 | ||||||
| No | 1456 (94.9) | 78 (5.1) | 546 (91.8) | 49 (8.2) | 760 (94.3) | 46 (5.7) | |||
| Yes | 641 (91.6) | 59 (8.4) | 780 (88.7) | 99 (11.3) | 1004 (94.2) | 62 (5.8) | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.7 (3.6) | 24.7 (3.2) | <0.001 | 26.4 (4.9) | 27.6 (4.5) | 0.001 | 26.2 (4.4) | 26.3 (4.3) | 0.955 |
| Blood glucose, mmol/L | 6.1 (2.2) | 7.8 (3.9) | <0.001 | 6.2 (3) | 8.7 (5.5) | <0.001 | 6.8 (3.1) | 7.8 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 133.5 (18.2) | 145.6 (17.8) | <0.001 | 140.2 (21) | 158.5 (22.3) | <0.001 | 132.4 (18.6) | 147.8 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 77.6 (9.8) | 79 (9.4) | 0.112 | 78.9 (10.5) | 81.6 (12.8) | 0.029 | 78.1 (10.1) | 78.2 (9.9) | 0.913 |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 55.9 (14.3) | 66.6 (15.7) | <0.001 | 61.3 (16) | 76.9 (16.7) | <0.001 | 54.4 (14.3) | 69.6 (16.5) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication use‡, N (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 513 (94.3) | 31 (5.7) | 482 (87.8) | 67 (12.2) | 375 (95.4) | 18 (4.6) | |||
| Yes | 566 (86.5) | 88 (13.5) | 272 (79.3) | 71 (20.7) | 527 (87.4) | 76 (12.6) | |||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.5 (1) | 5.2 (1.1) | <0.001 | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.2) | 0.734 | 5.3 (1.1) | 4.9 (1.1) | 0.005 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.002 | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.512 |
| Baseline eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 94.1 (12.7) | 73.4 (10.3) | <0.001 | 83.9 (14) | 74.4 (11.8) | <0.001 | 92.6 (12.8) | 73.7 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, N (%) | 0.215 | 0.507 | 0.192 | ||||||
| No | 1850 (93.6) | 126 (6.4) | 1301 (89.8) | 147 (10.2) | 1531 (94.5) | 89 (5.5) | |||
| Yes | 247 (95.7) | 11 (4.3) | 25 (96.2) | 1 (3.8) | 233 (92.5) | 19 (7.5) | |||
Data presented are counts (row percentage) or means (SD).
*P value represents difference in characteristics by incident CKD status based on Mann-Whitney test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate for the variable.
†Highest education level attained was categorized as no formal education or completed primary school education versus completed at least secondary school with Singapore Cambridge General Certificate of Education Ordinary level or equivalent.
‡Among those with self-reported hypertension.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SEED, Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease.