Differences between young adults with and without diabetes distress (mean (±SD) or frequency (%))
| Young adults with diabetes distress (n=57) | Young adults without diabetes distress (n=107) | Effect size | P value | |
| Background characteristics | ||||
| Age | 23.00 (±1.67) | 22.47 (±1.48) | 0.33 | 0.038 |
| Time since transfer (3–6 years)* | 4.44 (±1.25) | 4.82 (±1.03) | 0.33 | 0.087 |
| Gender† | ||||
| Female | 39 (68.4%) | 60 (56.6%) | – | 0.141 |
| Male | 18 (31.6%) | 46 (43.4%) | ||
| Educational level‡ | ||||
| Low/middle | 44 (78.6%) | 81 (75.7%) | – | 0.681 |
| High | 12 (21.4%) | 26 (24.3%) | ||
| Paid or volunteer job‡ | ||||
| Yes | 46 (82.1%) | 91 (85.0%) | – | 0.318 |
| No | 10 (17.9%) | 16 (15.0%) | ||
| Living‡ | ||||
| With parents | 30 (53.6%) | 69 (64.5%) | – | 0.188 |
| On own | 26 (46.4%) | 38 (35.5%) | ||
| Transfer experiences (OYOF-TES) | ||||
| Reception in adult care | 3.72 (±0.993) | 4.04 (±0.675) | 0.38 | 0.013 |
| Alliance between pediatric and adult care | 2.92 (±0.899) | 3.23 (±0.857) | 0.35 | 0.029 |
| Preparation for the transfer | 2.88 (±0.925) | 3.02 (±0.931) | 0.15 | 0.323 |
| Readiness to transfer | 3.76 (±0.710) | 4.19 (±0.576) | 0.67 | <0.001 |
| Youth involvement | 3.12 (±1.02) | 3.39 (±0.955) | 0.27 | 0.101 |
| Total score | 66.88 (±13.94) | 73.35 (±11.25) | 0.51 | 0.002 |
| Self-management | ||||
| PIH | 76.09 (±8.81) | 82.22 (±7.91) | 0.73 | <0.001 |
| HRQOL (PedsQL-YA) | ||||
| Physical functioning | 79.11 (±15.30) | 87.21 (±15.51) | 0.53 | 0.002 |
| Emotional functioning | 52.81 (±17.70) | 80.28 (±17.43) | 1.56 | <0.001 |
| Social functioning | 78.51 (±16.26) | 90.23 (±12.69) | 0.80 | <0.001 |
| School/work functioning† | 61.40 (±19.43) | 75.99 (±16.70) | 0.81 | <0.001 |
| Total score | 69.41 (±14.35) | 83.96 (±13.16) | 1.06 | <0.001 |
*n=112: Young adults with diabetes distress n=41, without diabetes distress n=71.
†n=163: Young adults with diabetes distress n=57, without diabetes distress n=106.
‡n=163: Young adults with diabetes distress n=56, without diabetes distress n=107.
HRQOL, health-related quality of life; OYOF-TES, On Your Own Feet Transfer Experiences Scale; PedsQL-YA, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory—Young Adult; PIH, Partners in Health.