Table 4

Associations between objectively measured PA change and HbA1c change by quartiles (Q) of macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, and protein) intake at baseline

	Model 1*			Model 2†
	β	SE	P_trend	β	SE	P_trend
Carbohydrate (%)
Q1 (31.4–53.3) (lowest)	−0.00285	0.00787	0.717	−0.00129	0.00789	0.870
Q2 (53.3–56.7)	0.00837	0.00763	0.273	0.00696	0.00776	0.370
Q3 (56.7–59.8)	−0.01697	0.00813	0.037	−0.01385	0.00814	0.089
Q4 (59.8–70.7) (highest)	−0.02230	0.00820	0.007	−0.01947	0.00817	0.017
			P_interaction=0.026			P_interaction=0.079
Fat (%)
Q1 (9.2–19.5) (lowest)	−0.01705	0.00693	0.014	−0.01516	0.00691	0.028
Q2 (19.5–23.4)	−0.01015	0.00853	0.235	−0.00726	0.00857	0.397
Q3 (23.4–27.4)	−0.00409	0.00815	0.616	−0.00568	0.00827	0.493
Q4 (27.4–50.9) (highest)	0.00423	0.00855	0.621	0.00648	0.00862	0.453
			P_interaction=0.257			P_interaction=0.277
Protein (%)
Q1 (8.0–11.5) (lowest)	−0.01247	0.00761	0.101	−0.01006	0.00761	0.186
Q2 (11.5–12.6)	−0.00841	0.00754	0.265	−0.00664	0.00756	0.380
Q3 (12.6–13.8)	−0.01043	0.00814	0.200	−0.01093	0.00829	0.188
Q4 (13.8–22.3) (highest)	0.20020	0.00868	0.834	0.00283	0.00869	0.745
			P_interaction=0.633			P_interaction=0.646

Regression analysis was conducted in the following units: PA, METs×hour/day; HbA1c, %; and macronutrient intake, % of total energy intake.
*Model 1: adjusted for age at baseline, sex, changes in each of total energy intake, macronutrients intake, alcohol consumption and smoking amount, and medication for each of diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
†Model 2: adjusted for model 1+BMI change.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; METs, metabolic equivalents; PA, physical activity; β, regression coefficient.