Effect of PA, total energy intake, and macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, and protein) intake on HbA1c
| β | SE | Ptrend | |
| PA (METs×hour/day)* | −0.00033 | 0.00017 | 0.049 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day)† | 0.00002 | 0.00001 | 0.010 |
| Carbohydrate (%)‡ | 0.00393 | 0.00040 | <0.001 |
| Fat (%)‡ | 0.00004 | 0.00040 | 0.916 |
| Protein (%)‡ | 0.00106 | 0.00122 | 0.387 |
Regression analysis was conducted in the following units: PA, METs×hour/day; total energy intake, kcal/day; macronutrient intake, % of total energy intake; and HbA1c, %.
*Adjusted for age, sex, study area, total energy intake, macronutrient intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, medication for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, and BMI.
†Adjusted for age, sex, study area, PA, macronutrient intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, medication for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, and BMI.
‡Adjusted for age, sex, study area, total energy intake, PA, alcohol consumption, smoking, medication for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, and BMI.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; METs, metabolic equivalents; PA, physical activity; β, regression coefficient.