Characteristics of study participants by lowest quartile (Q) and highest macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, and protein) intake
| Overall | Carbohydrate (%) | Fat (%) | Protein (%) | ||||
| Q1 (lowest) | Q4 (highest) | Q1 (lowest) | Q4 (highest) | Q1 (lowest) | Q4 (highest) | ||
| (n=55 084) | (25.9–52.8) | (60.2–71.5) | (8.4–19.3) | (27.5–55.9) | (7.3–11.3) | (13.8–23.4) | |
| Age (years) | 55.6±9.1 | 54.1±9.1 | 57.0±8.9 | 57.2±8.6 | 53.8±9.4 | 55.4±9.0 | 56.3±9.0 |
| Male (n) | 23 998 (43.6%) | 2599 (18.9) | 12 160 (88.3) | 7191 (52.2) | 5389 (39.1) | 3977 (28.9) | 8379 (60.9) |
| Height (cm) | 160.2±8.7 | 160.1±8.4 | 161.7±9.0 | 164.3±8.2 | 157.0±7.5 | 164.2±8.4 | 156.8±7.6 |
| Weight (kg) | 59.1±10.9 | 58.8±10.8 | 61.2±11.3 | 63.3±10.6 | 55.9±9.8 | 62.9±11.0 | 56.3±9.9 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 23.0±3.2 | 22.8±3.2 | 23.3±3.3 | 23.4±3.1 | 22.6±3.3 | 23.3±3.2 | 22.8±3.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 128.2±19.9 | 128.7±20.5 | 128.8±19.3 | 131.3±19.8 | 125.7±19.8 | 130.0±19.6 | 127.6±20.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78.4±12.1 | 78.8±12.6 | 78.7±11.7 | 80.8±12.0 | 76.4±12.0 | 80.3±12.2 | 77.2±12.0 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.47±0.52 | 5.42±0.48 | 5.52±0.60 | 5.50±0.61 | 5.43±0.46 | 5.47±0.56 | 5.46±0.46 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.3±5.7 | 35.7±5.3 | 36.8±6.6 | 36.6±6.6 | 35.9±5.0 | 36.3±6.2 | 36.2±5.1 |
| PA (METs×hour/day) | 14.8±13.4 | 13.6±12.4 | 16.6±15.0 | 16.7±15.0 | 13.8±12.5 | 16.1±14.6 | 14.5±13.0 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1714±360 | 1580±366 | 1895±395 | 1976±391 | 1520±298 | 1919±417 | 1562±304 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 56.1±6.0 | 48.1±4.5 | 63.0±2.2 | 60.1±5.6 | 51.4±5.5 | 58.4±6.8 | 53.0±5.7 |
| Fat (%) | 23.7±6.4 | 28.3±7.1 | 18.6±4.1 | 16.2±2.3 | 32.1±4.3 | 18.1±4.4 | 29.4±5.9 |
| Protein (%) | 12.6±1.9 | 13.5±2.4 | 11.6±1.5 | 10.9±1.3 | 14.4±1.9 | 10.4±0.7 | 15.2±1.4 |
| Current drinker (n) | 29 762 (53.7%) | 7408 (53.8) | 9380 (68.2) | 7826 (56.9) | 7055 (51.3) | 6832 (49.7) | 8201 (59.7) |
| Alcohol consumption amount* (g/day) | 11.9±16.7 | 10.9±16.7 | 13.7±17.4 | 12.9±17.6 | 11.4±16.4 | 11.2±16.5 | 13.0±17.5 |
| Current smoker (n) | 9423 (17.1%) | 2256 (16.4) | 3378 (24.6) | 2880 (21.0) | 1982 (14.5) | 2309 (16.8) | 2632 (19.2) |
| Smoking amount† (cigarettes/day) | 19.2±9.8 | 17.7±10.2 | 20.2±9.5 | 19.8±9.8 | 19.1±10.5 | 18.3±9.6 | 20.4±9.8 |
| Hypertension medicine (n) | 8202 (14.9%) | 1747 (12.7) | 2396 (17.4) | 2499 (18.2) | 1704 (12.4) | 2038 (14.8) | 2140 (15.6) |
| Cholesterol medicine (n) | 4812 (8.7%) | 1259 (9.2) | 958 (7.0) | 1340 (9.7) | 1021 (7.4) | 1348 (9.8) | 1074 (7.8) |
Values are presented as mean±SD for continuous variables and number (%) for categorical variables.
Missing data on BMI (n=12), alcohol consumption (n=69), smoking (n=193), blood pressure (n=489), and medications (n=45).
*Mean alcohol (ethanol) consumption amount of current drinkers.
†Mean smoking amount of current smokers.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; METs, metabolic equivalents; PA, physical activity.