Table 3

Associations between PA and HbA1c level by quartiles (Q) of macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, and protein) intake

	Model 1*			Model 2†
	β	SE	P_trend	β	SE	P_trend
Carbohydrate (%)
Q1 (25.9–52.8) (lowest)	0.00017	0.00035	0.636	0.00014	0.00035	0.679
Q2 (52.8–56.7)	0.00004	0.00034	0.917	0.00009	0.00034	0.786
Q3 (56.7–60.2)	−0.00075	0.00032	0.021	−0.00072	0.00032	0.025
Q4 (60.2–71.5) (highest)	−0.00082	0.00029	0.005	−0.00065	0.00029	0.025
			P_interaction=0.054			P_interaction=0.098
Fat (%)
Q1 (8.4–19.3) (lowest)	−0.00121	0.00029	<0.001	−0.00094	0.00029	0.001
Q2 (19.3–23.3)	−0.00015	0.00033	0.639	−0.00010	0.00032	0.747
Q3 (23.3–27.5)	0.00007	0.00035	0.849	0.00000	0.00034	0.994
Q4 (27.5–55.9) (highest)	0.00012	0.00035	0.741	0.00003	0.00034	0.934
			P_interaction=0.006			P_interaction=0.068
Protein (%)
Q1 (7.3–11.3) (lowest)	−0.00085	0.00030	0.005	−0.00057	0.00030	0.054
Q2 (11.3–12.5)	−0.00037	0.00033	0.265	−0.00031	0.00032	0.330
Q3 (12.5–13.8)	0.00017	0.00034	0.615	0.00015	0.00034	0.660
Q4 (13.8–23.4) (highest)	−0.00031	0.00033	0.348	−0.00040	0.00033	0.229
			P_interaction=0.156			P_interaction=0.427

Regression analysis was conducted in the following units: PA, METs×hour/day; HbA1c, %; and macronutrient intake, % of total energy intake.
*Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, study area, total energy intake, amount of alcohol consumption and smoking, and medication for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia.
†Model 2: adjusted for model 1+BMI.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; METs, metabolic equivalents; PA, physical activity; β, regression coefficient.