Adjusted means of cardiometabolic correlates by fitness status and sex among adults with type 2 diabetes in the Look AHEAD study
| Adjusted mean (95% CI) | ||||||
| Women | Men | |||||
| Low fit | Moderate fit | High fit (reference) | Low fit | Moderate fit | High fit (reference) | |
| Anthropometric and blood pressure variables (n=4215) | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 41.1 (40.7 to 41.5)‡ | 37.0 (36.7 to 37.3)‡ | 33.4 (33.1 to 33.8) | 39.5 (39.0 to 40.1)‡ | 36.0 (35.6 to 36.3)‡ | 32.5 (32.1 to 32.9) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 119.2 (118.2 to 120.2)‡ | 111.9 (111.2 to 112.7)‡ | 104.6 (103.9 to 105.4) | 128.3 (127.0 to 129.7)‡ | 120.9 (119.9 to 121.8)‡ | 111.7 (110.8 to 112.6) |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 132.5 (131.1 to 133.9)‡ | 129.8 (128.7 to 130.8)‡ | 126.7 (125.7 to 127.7) | 132.1 (130.2 to 133.9)‡ | 129.7 (128.4 to 130.9)† | 127.1 (125.9 to 128.4) |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 68.7 (67.9 to 69.4) | 68.4 (67.8 to 69.0) | 68.1 (67.6 to 68.7) | 73.4 (72.4 to 74.4) | 73.9 (73.2 to 74.5) | 74.2 (73.5 to 74.8) |
| Glycemic and lipid variables (n=4215) | ||||||
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 158.4 (154.8 to 162.1)‡ | 149.8 (147.0 to 152.5) | 147.8 (145.1 to 150.5) | 162.6 (157.3 to 167.8)† | 156.7 (153.1 to 160.3)* | 151.3 (147.7 to 154.9) |
| Hemoglobin A1C, % | 7.42 (7.33 to 7.51)‡ | 7.28 (7.21 to 7.35)* | 7.16 (7.09 to 7.22) | 7.44 (7.30 to 7.57)‡ | 7.30 (7.21 to 7.39)† | 7.07 (6.98 to 7.16) |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 6.9 (6.4 to 7.4)‡ | 6.3 (6.0 to 6.7)† | 5.5 (5.2 to 5.9) | 7.5 (6.9 to 8.2)‡ | 6.9 (6.5 to 7.4)† | 6.0 (5.6 to 6.5) |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 168.7 (160.0 to 177.4) | 176.7 (170.1 to 183.3) | 170.5 (164.0 to 177.0) | 197.6 (183.5 to 211.6)* | 197.7 (188.0 to 207.4)* | 179.7 (170.1 to 189.3) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 197.3 (194.3 to 200.3) | 197.0 (194.7 to 199.3) | 200.0 (197.8 to 202.3) | 183.2 (179.2 to 187.2) | 184.5 (181.7 to 187.2) | 184.8 (182.1 to 187.6) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 47.5 (46.5 to 48.5) | 46.7 (46.0 to 47.5) | 47.8 (47.0 to 48.5) | 37.4 (36.4 to 38.4)* | 38.1 (37.4 to 38.8) | 39.0 (38.3 to 39.7) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 116.9 (114.2 to 119.6) | 115.9 (113.9 to 118.0)* | 118.8 (116.8 to 120.8) | 107.3 (103.9 to 110.7) | 108.1 (105.7 to 110.4) | 111.2 (108.8 to 113.5) |
| Calorie intake (n=2305) | ||||||
| Calorie intake, kcal/day | 1959.4 (1861.9 to 2056.9)* | 1910.5 (1842.9 to 1978.1)* | 1814.6 (1748.1 to 1881.0) | 2148.7 (2015.6 to 2281.9) | 2201.2 (2108.7 to 2293.7) | 2176.0 (2083.0 to 2269.0) |
| Physical activity (n=2402) | ||||||
| Physical activity, kcal/week | 460.7 (342.7 to 578.8)‡ | 663.9 (569.5 to 758.4)‡ | 928.9 (834.7 to 1023.1) | 587.6 (404.9 to 770.2)‡ | 1 065.7 (935.8 to 1195.5)† | 1330.0 (1193.7 to 1466.3) |
| Body fat composition (n=1186) | ||||||
| Whole body fat, kg | 47.1 (45.5 to 48.7)‡ | 41.3 (40.3 to 42.3)‡ | 35.9 (35.0 to 36.9) | 39.3 (37.3 to 41.4)‡ | 35.4 (34.2 to 36.7)‡ | 28.4 (27.3 to 29.6) |
| Whole body fat-free mass, kg | 55.8 (54.6 to 56.9)‡ | 53.6 (52.9 to 54.3)‡ | 51.4 (50.8 to 52.1) | 72.8 (71.0 to 74.6)* | 71.3 (70.1 to 72.4) | 70.4 (69.4 to 71.4) |
| Whole body lean mass, kg | 53.5 (52.4 to 54.6)‡ | 51.4 (50.7 to 52.1)‡ | 49.3 (48.6 to 49.9) | 70.0 (68.2 to 71.7)* | 68.5 (67.4 to 69.6) | 67.6 (66.7 to 68.6) |
| Whole body mass, kg | 102.9 (100.4 to 105.3)‡ | 94.9 (93.3 to 96.4)‡ | 87.4 (85.9 to 88.8) | 112.1 (108.9 to 115.3)‡ | 106.7 (104.7 to 108.7)‡ | 98.8 (97.0 to 100.6) |
| Percent body fat, % | 45.3 (44.5 to 46.1)‡ | 43.1 (42.6 to 43.6)‡ | 40.8 (40.3 to 41.2) | 34.6 (33.4 to 35.7)‡ | 32.8 (32.1 to 33.5)‡ | 28.6 (27.9 to 29.2) |
*p<0.05.
†p<0.01.
‡p<0.001. P values refer to comparisons of low or moderate vs high (referent) fitness category.
AHEAD, Action for Health in Diabetes; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.