Diabetes-related health characteristics
| Urban, n (%) | Rural, n (%) | P value | |
| Age at diagnosis (years), n (%) | 12 476 (100) | 1837 (100) | 0.663 |
| Mean (SD) | 11.6 (11.19) | 11.5 (11.70) | |
| Duration of diabetes (years), n (%) | 12 475 (>99.9) | 1837 (100) | 0.004 |
| Mean (SD) | 17.3 (12.40) | 16.4 (12.60) | |
| Use of CGM, n (%) | 3684 (30.5) | 420 (23.6) | <0.001 |
| Use of insulin pump, n (%) | 8056 (65.7) | 1224 (67.4) | 0.142 |
| BMI (m2/kg), n (%) | 11 316 (90.7) | 1705 (92.8) | 0.731 |
| Mean (SD) | 25.4 (5.70) | 25.4 (5.71) | |
| Total daily insulin (units per kg), n (%) | 7270 (58.3) | 1151 (62.7) | 0.089 |
| Mean (SD) | 0.78 (0.30) | 0.79 (0.30) | |
| Use of non-insulin medications for blood sugar control, n (%) | 0.874 | ||
| Missing/unreported | 2619 (21.0) | 361 (19.7) | |
| Yes | 836 (8.5) | 127 (8.6) | |
| No | 9021 (91.5) | 1349 (91.4) | |
| General health (patient reported), n (%) | 0.644 | ||
| Missing/unreported | 3262 (26.1) | 525 (28.6) | |
| Excellent | 1602 (17.4) | 227 (17.3) | |
| Very good | 3523 (38.2) | 487 (37.1) | |
| Good | 2945 (32.0) | 443 (33.8) | |
| Fair | 976 (10.6) | 136 (10.4) | |
| Poor | 168 (1.8) | 19 (1.4) | |
| Smoke at least 1 cigarette/week, n (%) | 0.127 | ||
| Missing/did not wish to answer | 5055 (40.5) | 822 (44.7) | |
| Yes | 304 (4.1) | 52 (5.1) | |
| No | 7117 (95.9) | 963 (94.9) | |
| Days per week exercising, n (%)* | 8493 (68.0) | 1184 (64.5) | 0.383 |
| Mean (SD) | 4.0 (2.11) | 4.0 (2.19) | |
| >1 DKA events in past 3 months, n (%) | 0.517 | ||
| Missing | 3262 (26.1) | 525 (28.6) | |
| Yes | 252 (2.7) | 40 (3.0) | |
| No | 8962 (97.3) | 1272 (97.0) | |
| >1 severe hypoglycemic events† in past 3 months, n (%) | 0.937 | ||
| Missing | 3262 (26.1) | 525 (28.6) | |
| Yes | 567 (6.2) | 80 (6.1) | |
| No | 8647 (93.8) | 1232 (93.9) | |
| Average patient-reported SMBG/day, n (%) | 9055 (72.6) | 1287 (70.1) | 0.629 |
| Mean (SD) | 4.88 (2.42) | 4.91 (2.33) | |
| Average glucose tests/day from meter download, n (%) | 8635 (69.2) | 1382 (75.2) | 0.619 |
| Mean (SD) | 4.19 (2.47) | 4.23 (2.49) |
*Exercise was only reported for youth and young adults below age 26 years.
†Severe hypoglycemic events were defined as an episode of documented or presumed low blood glucose that resulted in seizure or loss of consciousness per Cengiz et al.39
BMI, body mass index; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose.