N | Total study cohort | N | No diabetes † | N | Type 2 diabetes ‡ | P value § | |
Male sex, n (%) | 2931 | 1418 (48) | 2598 | 1220 (47) | 333 | 198 (59) | <0.001 ¶ |
Age (years) | 2931 | 56.2±13.2 | 2598 | 54.8±12.9 | 333 | 67.0±9.3 | <0.001** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 2931 | 27.6±4.8 | 2598 | 27.2±4.6 | 333 | 31.2±5.1 | <0.001** |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) | 2931 | 89.3 (77.6; 100.0) | 2598 | 90.6 (78.9; 101.2) | 333 | 78.9 (64.7; 89.1) | <0.001†† |
Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 2931 | 1122 (38) | 2598 | 859 (33) | 333 | 263 (79) | < 0.001¶ |
Pre-diabetes, n (%) | 2931 | 488 (16.6) | 2598 | 488 (18.8) | – | – | – |
HbA1c (%)‡‡ | 2764 | 5.4 (5.2; 5.7) | 2598 | 5.4 (5.2; 5.6) | 333 | 6.1 (5.8; 6.6) | <0.001†† |
HbA1c (mmol/mol)‡‡ | 2764 | 35.5 (33.3; 38.8) | 2598 | 35.5 (33.3; 37.7) | 333 | 43.2 (39.9; 48.6) | <0.001†† |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)‡‡ | 2764 | 93 (88; 101) | 2598 | 93 (87; 100) | 166 †† | 122 (109; 135) | <0.001†† |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)‡‡ | 2764 | 5.16 (4.88; 5.61) | 2598 | 5.16 (4.82; 5.55) | 166†† | 6.77 (6.07; 7.49) | <0.001†† |
2-hour glucose (mg/dL) | 2710 | 104 (87; 128) | 2598 | 103 (86; 125) | 112 | 214 (200; 241) | <0.001†† |
2-hour glucose (mmol/L) | 2710 | 5.77 (4.77; 6.92) | 2598 | 5.72 (4.77; 6.92) | 112 | 11.88 (11.11; 13.36) | <0.001†† |
Insulin (pmol/L) ‡‡ | 2743 | 52.2 (37.2; 78.0) | 2579 | 51.0 (36.6; 72.0) | 164†† | 96 (66.0; 138.0) | <0.001†† |
Proinsulin (pmol/L)‡‡ | 1438 | 2.9 (1.9; 4.5) | 1356 | 2.8 (1.9; 4.2) | 82†† | 6.9 (4.8; 10.1) | <0.001†† |
Proinsulin-to-insulin ratio‡‡ | 1438 | 0.05 (0.04; 0.08) | 1356 | 0.05 (0.04; 0.07) | 82†† | 0.07 (0.05; 0.103) | <0.001†† |
HOMA-B‡‡ | 2743 | 104.5 (76.9; 143.9) | 2579 | 104.9 (77.9; 143.7) | 164†† | 95.6 (69.9; 150.9) | 0.179†† |
HOMA-IR ‡‡ | 2743 | 2.02 (1.37; 3.08) | 2579 | 1.95 (1.34; 2.88) | 164†† | 5.12 (3.29; 7.22) | <0.001†† |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 2922 | 12.0 (5.3; 24.8) | 2592 | 11.3 (5.0; 23.3) | 330 | 20.3 (9.7; 41.5) | <0.001†† |
Retinol-binding protein-4 (g/L) | 2922 | 0.042 (0.036; 0.049) | 2592 | 0.042 (0.035; 0.049) | 330 | 0.045 (0.039; 0.053) | <0.001†† |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 1093 | 10.11 (6.57; 15.14) | 862 | 10.78 (7,21; 16.01) | 231 | 7.58 (5.32; 11.11) | <0.001†† |
Omentin-1 (ng/mL) | 1093 | 489.0 (403.6; 580.8) | 862 | 491.7 (406.6; 582.5) | 231 | 480.8 (391.5; 576.6) | 0.233 †† |
Chemerin (ng/mL) | 1702 | 167.2 (135.2; 199.6) | 1461 | 165.9 (133.2; 197.8) | 241 | 175.7 (145.6; 216.6) | <0.001†† |
Progranulin (ng/mL) | 1702 | 137.3 (106.4; 176.5) | 1461 | 136.0 (106.2; 175.6) | 241 | 146.4 (109.7; 191.1) | 0.084 †† |
Vaspin (ng/mL) | 1702 | 0.58 (0.32; 1.08) | 1461 | 0.57 (0.31; 1.07) | 241 | 0.69 (0.39; 1.14) | 0.016 †† |
Active plasma renin concentration (µU/mL) | 2931 | 11.35 (6.2; 20.1) | 2598 | 11.1 (6.1; 18.9) | 333 | 15.35 (7.1; 36.6) | <0.001†† |
Aldosterone (ng/L) | 2931 | 38 (26; 58) | 2598 | 38 (26; 58) | 333 | 38 (22; 60) | 0.319†† |
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio | 2931 | 5.68 (2.93; 10.75) | 2598 | 5.89 (3.18; 11.11) | 333 | 3.59 (1.54; 8.64) | <0.001†† |
Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 2931 | 909 (31) | 2598 | 649 (25) | 333 | 240 (72) | <0.001†† |
ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 2931 | 384 (13) | 2598 | 255 (10) | 333 | 129 (39) | < 0.001¶ |
Angiotensin receptor blockers, n (%) | 2931 | 223 (8) | 2598 | 172 (7) | 333 | 51 (15) | < 0.001¶ |
Beta blockers, n (%) | 2931 | 554 (19) | 2598 | 403 (15) | 333 | 151 (45) | < 0.001¶ |
Diuretics, n (%) | 2931 | 521 (18) | 2598 | 365 (14) | 333 | 156 (47) | < 0.001¶ |
Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 2931 | 230 (8) | 2598 | 162 (6) | 333 | 68 (20) | < 0.001¶ |
*Mean ± SD, median (first quartile; third quartile), or number of participants (proportion in %).
†Normal glucose tolerance and pre-diabetes.
‡Known and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
§The p value is related to the null hypothesis of no difference between participants without diabetes and with type 2 diabetes.
¶χ2 test.
**t-Test.
††Mann-Whitney U test.
‡‡Participants with glucose-lowering drugs were excluded; the median HbA1c of all participants with type 2 diabetes, including those using glucose-lowering medication, was 6.4% (5.9; 7.0) (46.4 mmol/mol (41.0; 53.0)).
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.