Sociodemographic characteristics of women participants by nativity status and length of stay (n=9525)
| Characteristics (%) | US-born | Foreign-born | P value* | Foreign-born | P value† | |
| <10 years | ≥10 years | |||||
| Weighted n | 3 129 880 | 772 210 | 188 141 | 584 069 | ||
| Unweighted n | 7777 | 1748 | 421 | 1327 | ||
| Age, mean (±SE) | 36.3 (0.1) | 37.4 (0.2) | <0.001 | 34.2 (0.4) | 36.4 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Not married | 48.7 | 34.2 | 28.9 | 35.9 | ||
| Married | 51.3 | 65.8 | 71.1 | 64.1 | ||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤High school | 29.3 | 46.2 | 37.6 | 49.0 | ||
| Some college | 37.5 | 20.4 | 18.2 | 21.1 | ||
| ≥Bachelor’s degree | 33.1 | 33.4 | 44.2 | 29.8 | ||
| Poverty-income ratio (PIR) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <1 | 19.4 | 23.8 | 27.5 | 22.6 | ||
| 1–1.99 | 20.2 | 26.7 | 25.4 | 27.1 | ||
| ≥2 | 60.5 | 49.5 | 47.1 | 50.3 | ||
| Employment status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Not employed | 22.2 | 34.4 | 43.6 | 31.4 | ||
| Employed | 77.8 | 65.6 | 56.4 | 68.6 | ||
| Health insurance status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Not insured | 10.2 | 25.2 | 23.9 | 25.6 | ||
| Insured | 89.8 | 74.8 | 76.1 | 74.4 | ||
| Have usual place to go when sick | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No usual place | 11.4 | 18.5 | 25.3 | 16.3 | ||
| Have a usual place | 88.6 | 81.5 | 74.7 | 83.7 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 67.8 | 13.8 | 15.5 | 13.2 | ||
| Hispanic | 11.1 | 55.3 | 42.1 | 59.6 | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 18.4 | 9.3 | 12.6 | 8.3 | ||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.2 | 21.3 | 28.9 | 18.9 | ||
| Other races | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.1 | ||
| Obesity status | 0.34 | 0.17 | ||||
| Normal | 34.5 | 36.0 | 39.7 | 34.9 | ||
| Overweight/Obese | 65.5 | 64.0 | 60.3 | 65.1 | ||
| Hypertension history | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No history | 81.7 | 89.8 | 92.5 | 88.9 | ||
| Positive hypertension | 18.3 | 10.2 | 7.5 | 11.1 | ||
| Alcohol use | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Never drinker | 14.0 | 45.7 | 57.7 | 41.9 | ||
| Former drinker | 12.0 | 9.2 | 7.8 | 9.6 | ||
| Current light drinker | 57.1 | 40.3 | 30.1 | 43.5 | ||
| Current heavy drinker | 16.8 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 5.0 | ||
| Current smoker | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Never smoker | 61.0 | 89.1 | 93.8 | 87.6 | ||
| Former smoker | 21.5 | 4.4 | 2.1 | 5.1 | ||
| Current smoker | 17.5 | 6.5 | 4.1 | 7.3 | ||
| Physical activity status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Inactive | 25.5 | 33.1 | 35.4 | 32.4 | ||
| Insufficiently active | 20.9 | 21.1 | 20.9 | 21.1 | ||
| Active | 53.6 | 45.8 | 43.7 | 46.5 | ||
| GDM history | 0.027 | 0.002 | ||||
| No | 90.4 | 88.3 | 92.2 | 87.0 | ||
| Yes | 9.6 | 11.7 | 7.8 | 13.0 | ||
P values by t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test for binary/categorical variables.
PIR <1: below poverty level; PIR 1–1.99: between 100 and 200 of poverty level; PIR ≥2: >200 above poverty level.
Number of participants with missing data on education (n=13), PIR (n=15), employment (n=15), health insurance (n=29), BMI (183), hypertension (4), alcohol use (142), smoking (24), and physical activity (149).
*Comparing US-born with foreign-born.
†Comparing US-born with foreign-born with <15 years and ≥15 years length of US residence.
BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.