Baseline characteristics
| Baseline visit 3–16 months post partum | ||
| n | 200 | |
| Time between delivery and baseline visit (weeks) (missing n=2) | 38.4 (30.1–51.9) | |
| Status of glucose metabolism | NGT | 124 (63%) |
| IFG | 31 (16%) | |
| IGT | 23 (12%) | |
| IFG+IGT | 12 (6%) | |
| T2D | 7 (3%) | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) (missing n=3) | 94.8±9.3 | |
| 2-hour glucose (mg/dL) (missing n=3) | 118 (100–134) | |
| ISI (missing n=5) | 4.5 (2.9–6.8) | |
| HOMA-IR (missing n=4) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | |
| DI (missing n=5) | 207.6 (151.5–303.3) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) (missing n=2) | 24.3 (21.6–28.5) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79 (73–88) | |
| Body fat percentage (%) (missing n=5) | 33.3±8.2 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (missing n=1) | 119±11 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (missing n=1) | 75±9 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) (missing n=3) | 61.6±15.0 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) (missing n=3) | 70 (56–98) | |
| HbA1c (NGSP) (%) (missing n=4) | 5.4±0.3 | |
| HbA1c (IFCC) (mmol/mol) (missing n=4) | 35±4 | |
| Spontaneous conception | 175 (87.5%) | |
| Medically assisted conception | 25 (12.5%) | |
| First BMI documented in pregnancy (kg/m2) (missing n=2) | 23.8 (21.7–27.9) | |
| Weight gain during pregnancy (kg) | 11.4±5.1 | |
| Insulin treatment during pregnancy | 114 (57%) | |
| Gestational age at diagnosis of gestational diabetes (weeks) | 27 (24–29) | |
| Gestational week at the delivery (weeks) (missing n=2) | 39.3 (38.4–40) | |
| Maternal age at delivery (a) | 35±5 | |
| Cesarean section | 60 (30%) | |
| Birth weight (g) | 3362.5 (3020–3615) | |
| APGAR 5 min (score <9) (missing n=1) | 9 (4.5%) | |
| APGAR 10 min (score <9) (missing n=1) | 1 (0.5%) | |
| Fetal morbidity | 24 (12%) | |
| Breastfeeding status (missing n=4) | Exclusively | 5 (2.6%) |
| Complementary feeding | 15 (7.7%) | |
| Finished | 176 (89.8%) | |
| Family history of type 1 diabetes (missing n=4) | 16 (8.1%) | |
| Family history of type 2 diabetes (missing n=4) | 125 (63.5%) | |
| Family history of gestational diabetes (missing n=4) | 18 (9.1%) | |
Values are presented as mean±SD, median (first–third quartile) or frequencies (%).
BMI, body mass index; DI, disposition index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine ; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; T2D, type 2 diabetes.