Association between diabetes type and odds of low cognitive function*
| Cognitive domain | Low cognitive function, n (%) | Comparison of T1D and T2D vs no diabetes | Comparison of T1D vs T2D |
| OR (95% CI)† | OR (95% CI)† | ||
| Total cognition | |||
| No diabetes | 19 (7.7) | Ref | – |
| T1D | 65 (8.9) | 1.50 (0.84 to 2.67) | 0.95 (0.56 to 1.60) |
| T2D | 25 (10.8) | 1.57 (0.80 to 3.07) | Ref |
| P value | 0.49 | ||
| Language | |||
| No diabetes | 19 (7.8) | Ref | – |
| T1D | 60 (8.3) | 1.38 (0.77 to 2.47) | 0.95 (0.55 to 165) |
| T2D | 23 (10.1) | 1.43 (0.72 to 2.83) | Ref |
| P value | 0.62 | ||
| Executive function/psychomotor processing speed | |||
| No diabetes | 17 (6.9) | Ref | – |
| T1D | 94 (13.0) | 2.99 (1.66 to 5.37) | 1.74 (1.03 to 2.92) |
| T2D | 24 (10.4) | 1.71 (0.85 to 3.43) | Ref |
| P value | 0.03 | ||
| Verbal episodic memory | |||
| No diabetes | 17 (7.2) | Ref | – |
| T1D | 74 (10.5) | 1.92 (1.07 to 3.46) | 1.69 (0.94 to 3.06) |
| T2D | 16 (7.5) | 1.11 (0.53 to 2.34) | Ref |
| P value | 0.19 | ||
| Visual episodic memory | |||
| No diabetes | 21 (8.7) | Ref | – |
| T1D | 36 (5.1) | 0.64 (0.36 to 1.14) | 0.93 (0.49 to 1.79) |
| T2D | 14 (6.1) | 0.69 (0.34 to 1.40) | Ref |
| P value | 0.13 | ||
| Simple attention | |||
| No diabetes | 21 (8.5) | Ref | – |
| T1D | 55 (7.7) | 0.93 (0.54 to 1.59) | 0.62 (0.38 to 1.02) |
| T2D | 27 (11.8) | 1.47 (0.80 to 2.71) | Ref |
| P value | 0.15 | ||
Results in bold are statistically significant.
*Defined as ≥1.5 SD below mean among the no diabetes group.
†Adjusted for age, sex, race, and educational attainment.
Ref, reference; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.