Cognitive function in older adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with those without diabetes
| Total cognition | Language | Executive function/psychomotor processing speed | Verbal episodic memory | Visual episodic memory | Attention | |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Model 1: adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, sex, and educational attainment | ||||||
| No diabetes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| T1D | −0.14 (−0.21 to −0.07) | −0.23 (−0.32 to −0.14) | −0.35 (−0.45 to −0.26) | −0.15 (−0.27 to −0.03) | 0.11 (0.01 to 0.22) | −0.07 (−0.18 to 0.04) |
| T2D | −0.12 (−0.20 to −0.04) | −0.11 (−0.22 to −0.01) | −0.17 (−0.29 to −0.06) | 0.01 (−0.14 to 0.16) | −0.21 (−0.33 to −0.08) | −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.03) |
| Model 2a: model 1 + additional adjustment for stroke, MI, neuropathy, and retinopathy | ||||||
| No diabetes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| T1D | −0.10 (−0.17 to −0.03) | −0.19 (−0.29 to −0.09) | −0.25 (−0.35 to −0.15) | −0.17 (−0.30 to −0.03) | 0.15 (0.03 to 0.27) | −0.03 (−0.15 to 0.09) |
| T2D | −0.10 (−0.17 to −0.02) | −0.09 (−0.20 to 0.02) | −0.12 (−0.23 to −0.01) | 0.02 (−0.13 to 0.16) | −0.19 (−0.32 to −0.06) | −0.09 (−0.22 to 0.05) |
| Model 2b: model 1 + additional adjustment for depression, PSQI, and BMI | ||||||
| No diabetes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| T1D | −0.11 (−0.18 to −0.05) | −0.21 (−0.30 to −0.11) | −0.30 (−0.40 to −0.20) | −0.14 (−0.26 to −0.01) | 0.13 (0.02 to 0.25) | −0.05 (−0.17 to 0.07) |
| T2D | −0.08 (−0.16 to 0.01) | −0.08 (−0.20 to 0.04) | −0.10 (−0.22 to 0.03) | 0.08 (−0.08 to 0.24) | −0.19 (−0.33 to −0.05) | −0.08 (−0.23 to 0.07) |
| Model 3: adjustment for all covariates in models 1, 2a, and 2b | ||||||
| No diabetes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| T1D | −0.08 (−0.15 to −0.001) | −0.18 (−0.28 to −0.08) | −0.21 (−0.32 to −0.10) | −0.14 (−0.28 to 0.003) | 0.17 (0.05 to 0.29) | −0.01 (−0.14 to 0.12) |
| T2D | −0.06 (−0.15 to 0.02) | −0.06 (−0.18 to 0.06) | −0.06 (−0.18 to 0.06) | 0.08 (−0.08 to 0.24) | −0.18 (−0.32 to −0.04) | −0.07 (−0.22 to 0.08) |
Linear regression models examining the association between diabetes type and cognitive function with varying levels of covariate adjustment.
Results in bold are statistically significant.
BMI, body mass index; MI, myocardial infarction; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Ref, reference; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.