Results of longitudinal modeling to assess change over time by group
| Outcome | Intervention (n=65)* β (95% CI) | Control (n=67)* β (95% CI) | P value for test of group by time interaction† |
| Diabetes distress (PAID) | 12 weeks: −9.99 (−13.31 to 6.68) 24 weeks: −13.94 (−17.16 to −10.72) P<0.0001 | 12 weeks: −9.78 (−13.02 to −6.53) 24 weeks: −9.86 (−13.12 to −6.60) P<0.0001 | 0.15 |
| HbA1C (%)‡ | 12 weeks: −0.66 (−1.04 to −0.27) 24 weeks: −0.65 (−1.03 to −0.26) P=0.0006 | 12 weeks: −0.75 (−0.12 to −0.37) 24 weeks: −0.62 (−1.00 to −0.24) P=0.0001 | 0.91 |
| Diabetes self-efficacy | 12 weeks: 0.75 (0.22 to 1.27) 24 weeks: 1.06 (0.55 to −1.57) P=0.0001 | 12 weeks: 0.61 (0.21 to 1.02) 24 weeks: 0.74 (0.33 to 1.14) P=0.0007 | 0.60 |
| PTSD (PCL-C) | 12 weeks: −1.09 (−2.30 to 0.12) 24 weeks: −1.79 (−2.97 to −0.60) P=0.012 | 12 weeks: −1.22 (−2.19 to −0.25) 24 weeks: −1.13 (−2.11 to −0.16) P=0.020 | 0.57 |
| Depression (PHQ-8) | 12 weeks: −1.76 (−3.12 to −0.40) 24 weeks: −2.30 (−3.63 to −0.96) P=0.002 | 12 weeks: −2.05 (−2.91 to −1.18) 24 weeks: −1.87 (−2.74 to −1.00) P<0.0001 | 0.67 |
| Mindfulness (MAAS) | 12 weeks: 0.12 (−0.13 to 0.38) 24 weeks: 0.14 (−0.10 to 0.39) P=0.451 | 12 weeks: 0.16 (−0.04 to 0.35) 24 weeks: 0.19 (−0.01 to 0.39) P=0.120 | 0.94 |
| Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (mm Hg) | 12 weeks: −1.08 (−4.21 to 2.04) 24 weeks: −0.27 (−3.32 to 2.79) P=0.784 | 12 weeks: −4.44 (−7.77 to −1.11) 24 weeks: −3.68 (−7.04 to −0.33) P=0.020 | 0.23 |
| Body weight (kg) | 12 weeks: —0.82 (—2.02 to 0.38) 24 weeks: —0.59 (—1.77 to 0.59) P=0.377 | 12 weeks: —5.69 (—13.56 to 2.19) 24 weeks: —6.09 (—14.02 to 1.83) P=0.236 | 0.30 |
| General diet (SDSCA) | 12 weeks: 1.34 (0.78 to 1.90) 24 weeks: 1.67 (1.12 to 2.22) P<0.0001 | 12 weeks: 0.69 (0.24 to 1.13) 24 weeks: 0.45 (0.0 to 0.90) P=0.009 | 0.003 |
| Specific diet (SDSCA) | 12 weeks: 0.44 (−0.001 to 0.89) 24 weeks: 0.74 (0.30 to 1.17) P=0.003 | 12 weeks: 0.59 (0.28 to 0.90) 24 weeks: 0.62 (0.31 to 0.94) P=0.0001 | 0.63 |
| Spacing carbohydrates (SDSCA) | 12 weeks: 0.84 (0.11 to 1.57) 24 weeks: 1.51 (0.80 to 2.22) P=0.0002 | 12 weeks: 0.88 (0.32 to 1.43) 24 weeks: 0.84 (0.28 to 1.40) P=0.002 | 0.22 |
| Exercise (SDSCA) | 12 weeks: 0.38 (−0.17 to 0.94) 24 weeks: 0.63 (0.09 to 1.17) P=0.072 | 12 weeks: 0.52 (0.07 to 0.98) 24 weeks: 0.68 (0.21 to 1.14) P=0.011 | 0.93 |
| Blood glucose testing (SDSCA) | 12 weeks: 0.31 (−0.20 to 0.82) 24 weeks: 0.51 (0.01 to 1.01) P=0.134 | 12 weeks: −0.08 (−0.63 to 0.47) 24 weeks: −0.39 (−0.94 to 0.15) P=0.336 | 0.06 |
| Foot care (SDSCA) | 12 weeks: 0.94 (0.32 to 1.56) 24 weeks: 1.12 (0.52 to 1.73) P=0.0005 | 12 weeks: 0.69 (0.21 to 1.16) 24 weeks: 0.75 (0.27 to 1.22) P=0.003 | 0.63 |
| Smoking status (SDSCA) | 12 weeks: −23.06 (−53.77 to 7.65) 24 weeks: −4.10 (−33.97 to 25.78) P=0.301 | 12 weeks: 0.96 (−24.29 to 26.21) 24 weeks: 18.04 (−7.45 to 43.54) P=0.307 | 0.35 |
| Medication taking (SDSCA) | 12 weeks: −0.23 (−0.61 to 0.14) 24 weeks: −0.12 (−0.49 to 0.25) P=0.474 | 12 weeks: −0.36 (−0.82 to 0.10) 24 weeks: −0.15 (−0.63 to 0.32) P=0.314 | 0.91 |
All models are adjusted for age and duration of diabetes.
*Estimates, CIs and p values based on linear mixed model with a fixed effect for time and a random effect for record identification.
†P values based on linear mixed model with fixed effects for intervention arm, time and interaction between them, and random effect for veteran.
‡Modeled with n=131 (one participant did not have baseline HbA1C drawn).
HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; MAAS, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes; PCL-C, PTSD Checklist Civilian Version; PHQ-8, Patient Health Questionnaire; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SDSCA, Survey of Diabetes Self Care Activities.