Participant characteristics and scale scores at baseline
| Characteristics | Total (N=132) | Intervention (n=65) Mean (SD) | Control (n=67) Mean (SD) | P value* |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| White | 89 (67.4) | 45 (69.2) | 44 (65.7) | 0.66 |
| Black | 43 (32.6) | 20 (30.8) | 23 (34.3) | |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 121 (91.7) | 60 (92.3) | 61 (91.0) | 1 |
| Female | 11 (8.3) | 5 (7.7) | 6 (9.0) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.36 | |||
| Currently married/living with partner | 57 (43.2) | 26 (40.0) | 31 (46.3) | |
| Divorced/separated | 48 (36.4) | 29 (44.6) | 19 (28.4) | |
| Never married | 19 (14.4) | 6 (9.2) | 13 (19.4) | |
| Widowed | 8 (6.1) | 4 (6.2) | 4 (6.0) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Some high school | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.29 |
| High school graduate or equivalent certification | 25 (18.9) | 10 (15.4) | 15 (22.4) | |
| Some college or technical school | 73 (55.3) | 41 (63.1) | 32 (47.8) | |
| College graduate (bachelor’s degree) | 22 (16.7) | 8 (12.3) | 14 (20.9) | |
| Graduate degree | 11 (8.3) | 5 (7.7) | 6 (9.0) | |
| Work status, n (%) | 0.52 | |||
| Retired | 57 (43.2) | 27 (41.5) | 30 (44.8) | |
| Disabled | 31 (23.5) | 15 (23.1) | 16 (23.9) | |
| Working full time or part time | 32 (24.2) | 18 (27.7) | 14 (20.9) | |
| Unemployed or laid off | 10 (7.6) | 4 (6.2) | 6 (9.0) | |
| Other | 2 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 124 (94) | 62 (95) | 62 (93) | 0.72 |
| Insulin use, n (%) | 93 (70) | 46 (71) | 47 (70) | 0.78 |
| Age, years (SD) | 60.7 (10.6) | 60.6 (10.5) | 60.7 (10.8) | 0.95 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg (SD) | 99.9 (12.8) | 99.5 (12.0) | 100.3 (13.6) | 0.72 |
| Weight, kg (SD) | 107.3 (36.7) | 103.3 (18.2) | 111.2 (48.1) | 0.81 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 34.3 (10.6) | 33.2 (5.6) | 35.3 (13.8) | 0.26 |
| HbA1C, % (SD) (n=131) | 8.6 (1.6) | 8.6 (1.5) | 8.7 (1.6) | 0.68 |
| Diabetes duration, years (SD) | 13.0 (10.4) | 12.1 (9.7) | 13.8 (11.1) | 0.34 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score (SD) | 2.9 (1.9) | 2.9 (1.7) | 3.0 (2.0) | 0.79 |
| Mindful Attention Awareness Scale score (SD) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.4(0.9) | 4.3 (0.9) | 0.43 |
| PTSD Checklist score (SD) | 13.6 (5.7) | 13.2 (5.7) | 13.9 (5.7) | 0.49 |
| Depression, PHQ-8 score (SD) | 8.7 (5.7) | 8.2 (5.7) | 9.1 (5.8) | 0.39 |
| Self-efficacy for diabetes score (SD) | 6.0 (2.0) | 6.2 (1.9) | 5.8 (2.0) | 0.21 |
| Diabetes distress, PAID score (SD) | 36.8 (20.2) | 34.5 (19.3) | 39.1 (20.9) | 0.19 |
| Diabetes patient education survey, SDSCA score (SD) | ||||
| General diet | 3.4 (2.0) | 3.3 (2.1) | 3.5 (1.9) | 0.44 |
| Specific diet (n=131) | 3.1 (1.6) | 3.3 (1.6) | 3.0 (1.5) | 0.25 |
| Spacing carbohydrates | 2.8 (2.2) | 2.9 (2.5) | 2.6 (2.0) | 0.5 |
| Exercise | 2.7 (2.1) | 2.8 (2.1) | 2.5 (2.1) | 0.37 |
| Blood glucose (n=130) | 4.8 (2.6) | 4.7 (2.7) | 4.9 (2.5) | 0.57 |
| Foot care | 3.8 (2.4) | 3.6 (2.3) | 4.0 (2.4) | 0.25 |
| Smoking status | 2.8 (6.0) | 2.8 (5.8) | 2.6 (6.1) | 0.91 |
| Medication (n=69) | 6.4 (1.7) | 6.3 (1.3) | 6.4 (1.1) | 0.96 |
*Continuous variables were assessed by t-test and categorical variables by Fisher’s exact test.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes; PHQ-8, Patient Health Questionnaire; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SDSCA, Survey of Diabetes Self Care Activities.