Baseline characteristics of SOLID participants
| Overall (N=1213) | T1D (n=734) | T2D (n=232) | No diabetes (n=247) | P value | |
| Overall sample | |||||
| Age at baseline, mean (SD) | 67.79 (6.60) | 67.20 (6.25) | 68.70 (7.04) | 68.70 (7.00) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 621 (51.20) | 376 (51.23) | 118 (50.86) | 127 (51.42) | 0.99 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| White | 1026 (84.58) | 621 (84.60) | 195 (84.05) | 210 (85.02) | |
| African American | 21 (1.73) | 21 (2.86) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Asian | 21 (1.73) | 20 (2.72) | 1 (0.43) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Hispanic | 97 (8.00) | 28 (3.81) | 34 (14.66) | 35 (14.17) | |
| Mixed race/other | 44 (3.63) | 40 (5.45) | 2 (0.86) | 2 (0.81) | |
| Unknown | 4 (0.33) | 4 (0.54) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Highest level of educational attainment, n (%) | 0.42 | ||||
| Some college or less | 473 (38.99) | 276 (37.60) | 93 (40.09) | 104 (42.11) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 371 (30.59) | 239 (32.56 | 65 (28.02) | 67 (27.13) | |
| Graduate or professional degree | 365 (30.09) | 215 (29.29) | 74 (31.90) | 76 (30.77) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.08 (6.33) | 27.65 (5.36) | 34.02 (7.76) | 28.66 (5.10) | <0.0001 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale, mean (SD) | 1.99 (2.27) | 2.14 (2.35) | 2.32 (2.51) | 1.21 (1.45) | <0.0001 |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, mean (SD) | 8.02 (2.72) | 8.11 (2.81) | 8.21 (2.59) | 7.53 (2.51) | 0.01 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 99 (80.06) | 63 (8.58) | 20 (8.62) | 16 (6.48) | 0.48 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 122 (10.06) | 90 (12.26) | 22 (9.48) | 10 (4.05) | 0.001 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 333 (27.45) | 312 (42.51) | 19 (8.19) | 2 (0.81) | <0.0001 |
| Nephropathy, n (%) | 56 (4.62) | 54 (7.36) | 1 (0.43) | 1 (0.40) | <0.0001 |
| Neuropathy, n (%) | 364 (30.01) | 292 (39.78) | 56 (24.14) | 16 (6.48) | <0.0001 |
| Among those with diabetes only (n=966) | |||||
| Age at diabetes diagnosis, mean (SD) | 34.68 (18.49) | 28.29 (15.18) | 55.69 (10.82) | – | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes duration in years, mean (SD) | 32.93 (17.85) | 39.05 (15.05) | 13.06 (10.06) | – | <0.0001 |
| Current insulin use, n (%) | 810 (83.85) | 719 (97.96) | 63 (27.16) | <0.0001 | |
| Severe hypoglycemia, n (%)* | 246 (25.47) | 220 (29.97) | 12 (5.17) | – | <0.0001 |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis, n (%)† | 207 (21.43) | 206 (29.43) | 1 (0.45) | – | <0.0001 |
*Severe hypoglycemia in the past 12 months.
†Lifetime diabetic ketoacidosis resulting in hospitalization.
BMI, body mass index; SOLID, Study of Longevity in Diabetes; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.