Cognitive function in older adults with type 1 diabetes compared with older adults with type 2 diabetes
| Total cognition | Language | Executive function/psychomotor processing speed | Verbal episodic memory | Visual episodic memory | Simple attention | |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Model 1: adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, sex, and educational attainment | ||||||
| T1D | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.05) | −0.10 (−0.20 to −0.01) | −0.18 (−0.28 to −0.08) | −0.17 (−0.29 to −0.04) | 0.32 (0.21 to 0.43) | 0.03 (−0.09 to 0.15) |
| T2D | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Model 2a: model 1 + additional adjustment for stroke, MI, neuropathy, and retinopathy | ||||||
| T1D | 0.003 (−0.07 to 0.07) | −0.09 (−0.19 to 0.01) | −0.12 (−0.22 to −0.02) | −0.18 (−0.31 to −0.05) | 0.35 (0.23 to 0.46) | 0.06 (−0.06 to 0.18) |
| T2D | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Model 2b: model 1 + additional adjustment for depression, PSQI, and BMI | ||||||
| T1D | −0.03 (−0.10 to 0.05) | −0.12 (−0.22 to −0.01) | −0.20 (−0.31 to −0.09) | −0.20 (−0.35 to −0.06) | 0.33 (0.21 to 0.46) | 0.05 (−0.09 to 0.18) |
| T2D | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Model 3: adjustment for all above covariates | ||||||
| T1D | −0.002 (−0.08 to 0.08) | −0.11 (−0.22 to 0.01) | −0.14 (−0.26 to −0.02) | −0.21 (−0.37 to −0.06) | 0.36 (0.23 to 0.49) | 0.07 (−0.07 to 0.22) |
| T2D | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Linear regression models comparing cognitive function in those with T1D with those with T2D with varying levels of covariate adjustment.
Results in bold are statistically significant.
BMI, body mass index; MI, myocardial infarction; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Ref, reference; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.