Variables | Apulia | Lombardy | ||||||||||
SGLT-2i (531) | GLP-1RA (459) | Insulin (7027) | Other AHAs (5704) | Total (13 721) | P-value | SGLT-2i (786) | GLP-1RA (759) | Insulin (10 950) | Other AHAs (8160) | Total (20 655) | P-value* | |
Age (years), mean±SD§ | 68.8±7.9 | 67.7±8.4 | 78.4±8.7 | 76.8±8.9 | 77.0±9.1 | <0.0001 | 70.4±8.1 | 69.5±8.4 | 79.0±8.5 | 78.6±8.7 | 78.2±8.9 | <0.0001 |
Age groups (years), n (%)† | ||||||||||||
50–59 | 75 (14.1) | 81 (17.7) | 216 (3.1) | 220 (3.9) | 592 (4.3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
60–64 | 82 (15.4) | 86 (18.77) | 316 (4.5) | 355 (6.2) | 839 (6.1) | 80 (10.2) | 99 (13.0) | 251 (2.3) | 228 (2.8) | 658 (3.2) | ||
65–69 | 133 (25.1) | 103 (22.4) | 575 (8.2) | 620 (10.9) | 1431 (10.4) | 95 (12.091) | 126 (16.6) | 445 (4.1) | 359 (4.4) | 1025 (5.0) | ||
70–74 | 107 (20.2) | 90 (19.6) | 935 (13.3) | 898 (15.7) | 2030 (14.8) | 165 (21.0) | 146 (19.2) | 861 (7.9) | 629 (7.7) | 1801 (8.7) | ||
75–79 | 81 (15.3) | 60 (17.0) | 1487 (21.2) | 1210 (21.2) | 2838 (20.7) | 193 (24.6) | 160 (21.1) | 1423 (13.00 | 1156 (14.2) | 2932 (14.2) | ||
80+ | 53 (10.0) | 39 (8.5) | 3498 (49.8) | 2401 (42.1) | 5991 (43.7) | 151 (19.2) | 129 (17.0) | 2261 (20.7) | 1669 (20.5) | 4210 (20.4) | ||
Female, n (%)† | 209 (39.36) | 201 (43.79) | 3515 (50.02) | 2942 (51.58) | 6867 (50.05) | <0.0001 | 102 (13.0) | 99 (13.0) | 5709 (52.1) | 4419 (50.5) | 10 209 (48.6) | <0.0001 |
Comorbidities, n (%)† | ||||||||||||
Cerebrovascular disease | 107 (20.15) | 68 (14.81) | 1634 (23.3) | 1409 (24.7) | 3218 (23.45) | <0.0001 | 91 (11.6) | 80 (10.5) | 1939 (17.7) | 1403 (17.2) | 3513 (17.1) | <0.0001 |
Stroke (all) | 22 (4.14) | 14 (3.05) | 355 (5.1) | 260 (4.6) | 651 (4.7) | 0.1545 | 23 (2.93) | 20 (2.64) | 470 (4.29) | 317 (3.88) | 830 (4.0) | 0.0335 |
Ischemic heart disease | ||||||||||||
Myocardial infarction | 153 (28.1) | 106 (23.1) | 1637 (23.3) | 1193 (20.9) | 3089 (22.5) | <0.0001 | 208 (26.4) | 155 (20.4) | 2695 (24.6) | 1916 (23.5) | 4974 (24.1) | 0.0335 |
Other coronary disease | 276 (52.0) | 195 (42.5) | 2896 (41.2) | 2468 (43.3) | 5835 (42.5) | <0.0001 | 383 (48.7) | 340 (44.8) | 4247 (38.8) | 3213 (39.4) | 8183 (39.6) | <0.0001 |
Atrial fibrillation | 122 (23.0) | 127 (27.7) | 2795 (39.8) | 2036 (35.7) | 5080 (37.0) | <0.0001 | 216 (27.5) | 232 (30.6) | 4226 (38.6) | 3214 (39.4) | 7888 (38.2) | <0.0001 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 96 (18.1) | 114 (24.8) | 1271 (18.1) | 1072 (18.8) | 2553 (18.6) | 0.0041 | 106 (13.5) | 95 (12.5) | 1543 (14.1) | 961 (11.8) | 2705 (13.1) | <0.0001 |
Lower limb complication | 12 (2.3) | 23 (5.0) | 140 (2.0) | 122 (2.1) | 297 (2.2) | 0.0003 | 28 (3.6) | 27 (3.5) | 428 (3.9) | 263 (3.2) | 746 (3.6) | 0.0968 |
Pulmonary embolism | 3 (0. 6) | 4 (0.9) | 50 (0.7) | 37 (0.7) | 94 (0.7) | 0.9122 | 3 (0.4) | 7 (0.9) | 189 (1.7) | 132 (1.6) | 331 (1.6) | 0.0133 |
Renal disease | 71 (13.4) | 99 (21.6) | 2201 (31.3) | 1370 (24.0) | 3741 (27.3) | <0.0001 | 61 (7.8) | 118 (15.5) | 2968 (27.1) | 1727 (21.1) | 4874 (23.6) | <0.0001 |
Neuropathy | 26 (4.9) | 25 (5.5) | 189 (2.7) | 242 (4.2) | 482 (3.5) | <0.0001 | 39 (4.9) | 34 (4.5) | 320 (2.9) | 307 (3.8) | 700 (3.4) | 0.0002 |
Diabetic retinopathy | 1 (0.19) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (0.28) | 34 (0.6) | 54 (0.4) | 0.0164 | 5 (0.6) | 1 (0.1) | 29 (0.3) | 24 (0.3) | 59 (0.3) | 0.2399 |
COPD | 137 (25.8) | 140 (30.5) | 2817 (40.1) | 2290 (40.2) | 5384 (39.2) | <0.0001 | 144 (18.3) | 185 (24.3) | 2293 (20.9) | 1749 (21.4) | 4371 (21.2) | 0.0273 |
Cancer | 57 (10.7) | 50 (10.9) | 1294 (18.4) | 922 (16.2) | 2323 (16.9) | <0.0001 | 71 (9.0) | 81 (10.7) | 1832 (16.7) | 1317 (16.1) | 3301 (16.0) | <0.0001 |
Cardiovascular interventions, n (%)† | ||||||||||||
Percutaneous coronary intervention/coronary artery by-pass/other revascularizations | 45 (8.5) | 47 (10.2) | 721 (10.3) | 624 (10.9) | 1437 (10.5) | 0.2667 | 98 (12.5) | 122 (16.1) | 1425 (13.0) | 1133 (13.9) | 2778 (13.4) | 0.0410 |
Valve replacement /annuloplasty /valvuloplasty | 15 (2.8) | 15 (3.3) | 252 (3.6) | 173 (3.0) | 455 (3.32) | 0.3302 | 56 (7.2) | 42 (5.6) | 542 (4.9) | 466 (5.6) | 1106 (5.3) | 0.0148 |
Device therapy, n (%)† | ||||||||||||
Ventricular assist device | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 7 (0.1) | 1 (0.02) | 11 (0.1) | 0.0110 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 2 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 0.4660 |
Implantable cardioverter/defibrillator | 69 (13.0) | 46 (10.0) | 641 (9.1) | 508 (8.9) | 1264 (9.2) | 0.0173 | 60 (7.6) | 74 (9.7) | 646 (5.9) | 472 (5.8) | 1252 (6.1) | <0.0001 |
Cardiac resynchronization therapy | 20 (3.8) | 17 (3.7) | 149 (2.1) | 112 (2.0) | 298 (2.2) | 0.0054 | 68 (8.6) | 33 (4.3) | 438 (4.0) | 273 (3.3) | 812 (3.9) | <0.0001 |
Pacemaker implantation | 32 (6.0) | 25 (5.5) | 546 (7.8) | 481 (8.4) | 1084 (7.9) | 0.0329 | 42 (5.3) | 47 (6.2) | 990 (9.0) | 844 (9.0) | 1923 (9.3) | <0.0001 |
DDCI Index‡, median (Q1–Q3) | 8 (7–10) | 9 (7–10) | 9 (7–10) | 9 (7–10) | 9 (7–10) | <0.0001 | 8 (7–10) | 8 (7–10) | 8 (7–10) | 8 (6–10) | 8 (7–10) | <0.0001 |
No. of hospital admissions‡, median (Q1–Q3) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–7) | 4 (2–6) | <0.0001 | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–6) | 0.1567 |
History of diabetes, n (%)† | ||||||||||||
0–4 years | 3 (0.6) | 31 (6.8) | 907 (12.9) | 1368 (24.0) | 2309 (16.8) | <0.0001 | 2 (0.2) | 63 (8.3) | 1058 (9.6) | 1969 (24.1) | 3092 (15.0) | <0.0001 |
5–9 years | 101 (19.0) | 144 (31.4) | 2831 (40.3) | 2438 (42.7) | 5514 (40.2) | 130 (16.5) | 188 (24.7) | 2599 (23.7) | 1984 (24.3) | 4901 (23.7) | ||
10+years | 427 (80.4) | 284 (61.9) | 3289 (46.8) | 1898 (33.3) | 5898 (43.0) | 654 (83.3) | 508 (67.0) | 7293 (66.7) | 4207 (51.6) | 12 662 (61.3) | ||
Median (Q1–Q3)‡ | 10 (10–10) | 10 (8–10) | 9 (7–10) | 8(5–10) | 9 (6–10) | 10 (10–10) | 10 (8–10) | 10 (8–10) | 10 (5–10) | 10 (7–10) |
Stroke (all), haemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.
*P value for the comparison between study cohorts.
†χ2 test for categorical variables.
‡Kruskal-Wallis test for other numerical variables.
§ANOVA was applied for age.
AHA, antihyperglycemic agent; ANOVA, analysis of variance; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DDCI, Drug Derived Complexity Index; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; Q1–Q3, Quartile 1–Quartile 3; SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor.