Concomitant treatments at study entry according to study regions and antihyperglycemic therapy (first-time users from 2010 to 2018)
| Variables | Apulia | Lombardy | ||||||||
| SGLT-2i (531) | GLP-1RA (459) | Insulin (7027) | Other AHAs (5704) | Total (13 721) | SGLT-2i (786) | GLP-1RA (759) | Insulin (10 950) | Other AHAs (8160) | Total (20 655) | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Antihyperglycemic drugs (in the previous 5 years) | ||||||||||
| GLP-1RA | 5 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (0.2) | 22 (0.4) | 43 (0.3) | 11 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 32 (0.3) | 17 (0.2) | 60 (0.3) |
| SGLT-2i | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Other AHAs | 506 (95.3) | 446 (97.2) | 6846 (97.4) | 4588 (80.4) | 12 386 (90.3) | 732 (93.1) | 738 (97.2) | 10 651 (97.3) | 6387 (78.3) | 18 508 (89.6) |
| Insulin | 364 (68.6) | 250 (54.5) | 0 (0.00) | 1912 (33.5) | 2526 (18.4) | 547 (69.6) | 396 (52.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1767 (21.6) | 2710 (13.1) |
| Metformin | 483 (90.1) | 430 (93.7) | 6016 (85.6) | 3741 (65.6) | 10 670 (77.8) | 688 (87.5) | 692 (91.2) | 9033 (82.5) | 4703 (57.6) | 15 116 (73.2) |
| Sulfonylureas | 199 (37.5) | 207 (45.1) | 4621 (65.9) | 2732 (47.9) | 7759 (56.6) | 425 (54.1) | 486 (64.0) | 8263 (75.4) | 4068 (49.8) | 13 242 (64.1) |
| Glinides | 186 (35.0) | 186 (40.5) | 3171 (45.1) | 671 (11.8) | 4214 (30.7) | 124 (15.8) | 179 (23.6) | 4044 (36.9) | 623 (7.6) | 4970 (24.1) |
| Glitazones | 77 (14.5) | 118 (25.7) | 951 (13.5) | 379 (6.6) | 1525 (11.1) | 125 (15.9) | 196 (25.8) | 1247 (11.4) | 274 (3.4) | 1842 (8.9) |
| Acarbose | 57 (10.7) | 37 (8.06) | 517 (7.4) | 2 (0.04) | 613 (4.5) | 72 (9.2) | 85 (11.2) | 934 (8.5) | 5 (0.1) | 1096 (5.3) |
| DDP4 inhibitors | 179 (33.7) | 154 (33.6) | 991 (14.4) | 17 (0.3) | 1341 (9.8) | 213 (27.1) | 234 (30.8) | 1811 (16.5) | 22 (0.3) | 2280 (11.0) |
| None | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 181 (2.6) | 724 (12.7) | 905 (6.6) | 7 (0.9) | 2 (0.2) | 299 (2.7) | 1303 (16.0) | 1611 (7.8) |
| Other medications of interest (in the previous 12 months) | ||||||||||
| ACE-I/ARBs | 435 (81.9) | 390 (85.0) | 5658 (80.5) | 4768 (83.6) | 11 251 (82.0) | 669 (85.1) | 645 (85.0) | 8732 (79.7) | 6476 (79.3) | 16 522 (80.0) |
| Sacubitril/valsartan | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 13 (1.6) | 5 (0.6) | 13 (0.1) | 8 (0.1) | 39 (0.2) |
| Beta-blockers | 412 (77.6) | 319 (69.5) | 4028 (57.3) | 3200 (56.1) | 7959 (58.0) | 639 (81.3) | 581 (76.6) | 7318 (66.8) | 5154 (63.1) | 13 692 (66.3) |
| Diuretics | 390 (73.5) | 368 (80.2) | 5770 (82.1) | 4576 (80.2) | 11 104 (80.9) | 644 (81.9) | 654 (86.2) | 8976 (82.0) | 6723 (82.4) | 16 997 (82.3) |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists | 197 (37.1) | 163 (35.5) | 2646 (37.7) | 1842 (32.3) | 4848 (35.3) | 299 (38.0) | 287 (37.8) | 3647 (33.3) | 2676 (32.8) | 6909 (33.4) |
| Antiarrhythmics | 66 (12.4) | 63 (13.7) | 1276 (18.2) | 945 (16.6) | 2350 (17.1) | 108 (13.7) | 120 (15.8) | 1886 (17.2) | 1464 (17.9) | 3578 (17.3) |
| Digitalis | 51 (9.6) | 41 (8.9) | 1552 (22.1) | 1303 (22.8) | 1947 (21.5) | 61 (7.7) | 57 (7.5) | 1454 (13.3) | 1305 (16.0) | 2877 (13.9) |
| Calcium antagonists | 140 (26.4) | 128 (27.9) | 2335 (33.2) | 1909 (33.5) | 4512 (32.9) | 271 (34.5) | 281 (37.0) | 4305 (39.3) | 3032 (37.1) | 7889 (38.2) |
| Nitrates | 64 (12.1) | 72 (15.7) | 1756 (25.0) | 1602 (28.1) | 2494 (25.5) | 150 (19.1) | 178 (23.5) | 3552 (32.4) | 2838 (34.8) | 6718 (32.5) |
| Ivabradine | 65 (12.3) | 31 (6.8) | 296 (4.2) | 196 (3.4) | 588 (4.3) | 80 (10.2) | 55 (7.2) | 471 (4.3) | 260 (3.2) | 866 (4.2) |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 453 (85.3) | 374 (81.5) | 4212 (59.9) | 3533 (61.9) | 8572 (62.5) | 633 (80.5) | 587 (77.3) | 6400 (58.4) | 4486 (55.0) | 12 106 (58.3) |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 405 (76.3) | 321 (69.9) | 4767 (67.8) | 3978 (69.7) | 9471 (69.0) | 517 (65.7) | 497 (65.2) | 6681 (61.0) | 4979 (61.0) | 12 674 (61.3) |
| Anticoagulant drugs | 135 (25.2) | 132 (28.8) | 2000 (28.5) | 1475 (25.9) | 3742 (27.3) | 237 (30.1) | 250 (32.9) | 3606 (32.9) | 2813 (34.5) | 6906 (33.4) |
ACE-I, ACE inhibitors; AHAs, antihyperglycemic agents; ARB, angiotensin II receptor agonist blockers; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor.