Table 2

Metabolic pathways significantly impacted by GDM, with p<0.05 and impact >0.10, sorted by impact, KEGG database*

Pathway name†	Significant metabolites (univariate p<0.10)	Measured metabolites	Total metabolites	Metabolites involved	P value	FDR	Impact
Valine, isoleucine, and leucine (BCAAs) biosynthesis	1	6	8	Valine, leucine, 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, α-ketoisovaleric acid, isoleucine, threonine	0.040	0.073	1.00
Alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid metabolism	4	7	28	Aspartic acid, asparagine, alanine, glutamic acid, glutamine, citric acid, pyruvic acid	0.006	0.021	0.53
Glutamine and glutamic acid metabolism	2	2	6	Glutamic acid, glutamine	<0.001	0.004	0.50
Arginine biosynthesis	4	6	14	Glutamic acid, arginine, citrulline, aspartic acid, ornithine, glutamine	0.001	0.005	0.48
Arginine and proline metabolism	4	7	38	Arginine, creatine, glutamic acid, ornithine, pyruvic acid, proline, guanidinoacetic acid	0.001	0.005	0.37
Nitrogen metabolism	2	2	6	Glutamic acid, glutamine	<0.001	0.004	0.25
Histidine metabolism	1	4	16	Glutamic acid, histidine, methyl-l-histidine, aspartic acid	0.026	0.059	0.22
Pyruvic acid metabolism	2	2	22	Pyruvic acid, lactic acid	0.039	0.073	0.21
Glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism	4	6	32	Citric acid, serine, glycine, glutamic acid, pyruvic acid, glutamine	0.004	0.016	0.18
Tryptophan metabolism	1	1	41	Tryptophan	0.027	0.059	0.14
Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies	1	1	5	3-Hydroxybutyric acid	0.002	0.01	0.14
Tyrosine metabolism	1	2	42	Tyrosine, pyruvic acid	0.026	0.059	0.14
Citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)	2	2	20	Citric acid, pyruvic acid	0.028	0.059	0.14
Butyric acid metabolism	2	2	15	3-Hydroxybutyric acid, glutamic acid	<0.001	0.003	0.13
Cysteine and methionine metabolism	2	4	33	Serine, methionine, cystine, pyruvic acid	0.01	0.029	0.13
Glutathione metabolism	4	4	28	Glycine, glutamic acid, oxoproline, ornithine	0.001	0.006	0.12
Glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis	3	3	26	Glucose, pyruvic acid, lactic acid	<0.001	<0.001	0.10

*Adapted from MetaboAnalyst results (https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/).
†There were four additional pathways with p<0.05, where pathway impact was <0.10: valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism.
BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; FDR, false discovery rate; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.